Ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters, polyesters formed thereby, and articles comprising the polyesters
Cyclic esters are polymerized in the presence of a catalytic amount of a Group 4 transition metal hydride. The method is capable of producing high molecular weight polyesters with low polydispersities. These high molecular weight polyesters exhibit improved mechanical properties and are useful in a variety of product applications.
1. A method of preparing a polyester comprising:
polymerizing a cyclic ester in the presence of a catalytic amount of a catalyst consisting of a Group 4 transition metal hydride having the structure Cp′ 2 M(H)(R), wherein Cp′ is an unsubstituted or substituted cyclopentadienyl ligand; M is titanium, zirconium, or hafnium; and R is hydrogen, halogen, C 1 -C 12 hydrocarbyl, or C 1 -C 12 hydrocarbyloxy.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cyclic ester is selected from the group consisting of β-propiolactone, γ-butyrolactone, δ-valerolactone, ε-caprolactone, 3-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione, 3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione, 1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione, p-dioxanone, and mixtures thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cyclic ester is ε-caprolactone.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cyclic ester comprises a mixture of at least two cyclic esters; and wherein the polymerizing produces a random copolymer.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymerizing a cyclic ester comprises polymerizing a first cyclic ester and subsequently polymerizing a second cyclic ester different from the first cyclic ester; and wherein the polymerizing produces a block copolymer.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein M is titanium.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein M is zirconium.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein M is hafnium.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein R is hydrogen.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein R is chloride.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein R is C 1 -C 12 hydrocarbyl.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Group 4 transition metal hydride and the cyclic ester are present in a molar ratio of about 1:2 to about 1:10,000,000.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymerizing is conducted at a temperature of about 20 to about 250° C.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymerizing occurs with an initiator efficiency of about 0.1 to about 50.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymerizing occurs with an initiator efficiency of about 0.15 to about 25.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymerizing a cyclic ester produces a polyester having a number average molecular weight of about 200,000 to about 6000,000 atomic mass units.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymerizing a cyclic ester produces a polyester having a number average molecular weight of about 300,000 to about 600,000 atomic mass units.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymerizing a cyclic ester produces a polyester having a polydispersity index of about 1.05 to about 1.5.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein R is C 1 -C 12 hydrocarbyloxy.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymerizing the cyclic ester is conducted in the presence of a solvent.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, aromatic ethers, aliphatic ethers, halogenated alkanes, and mixtures thereof
22. The method of claim 20 , wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of benzene, toluene, dimethylbenzenes, trimethylbenzenes, diphenyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxanes, dichloromethane, trichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, anisole, and mixtures thereof.
23. A method of preparing a polycaprolactone, comprising: polymerizing ε-caprolactone in the presence of a catalytic amount of a catalyst consisting of bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium(IV) chloride hydride.