Orthotopic and genetically tractable non-human animal model for liver cancer and the uses thereof
This invention provides a genetically tractable in situ non-human animal model for hepatocellular carcinoma. The model is useful, inter alia, in understanding the molecular mechanisms of liver cancer, in understanding the genetic alterations that lead to chemoresistance or poor prognosis, and in identifying and evaluating new therapies against hepatocellular carcinomas. The liver cancer model of this invention is made by altering hepatocytes to increase oncogene expression, to reduce tumor suppressor gene expression or both and by transplanting the resulting hepatocytes into a recipient non-human animal. This invention also relates to the use of RNA interference (RNAi) technology in vivo to efficiently identify genes associated with liver cancer, in particular those encoding tumor suppressors, by knocking out candidate genes using RNAi and observing whether tumors would develop.
1. A method for determining the status of a tumor suppressor gene in a subject suspected of having liver cancer, the method comprising:
measuring the expression level of at least one tumor-suppressor gene by using an antibody against a tumor suppressor protein selected from the group consisting of XPO4, FGF6, WDR49, and PTEN to measure the level of the tumor suppressor protein in a biological sample from the subject,
wherein a decrease in the expression level of the tumor-suppressor gene as compared to a control indicates that the subject is susceptible to liver cancer.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tumor-suppressor gene is XPO4.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising measuring the expression level of at least two tumor-suppressor genes listed in Table 1.
4. A method for determining whether a subject is susceptible to developing liver cancer, the method comprising:
(a) obtaining a biological sample from a subject,
(b) measuring the level of expression of a tumor suppressor gene selected from the group consisting of XPO4, FGF6, WDR49, and PTEN in the biological sample, and
(c) comparing the level of expression of the tumor suppressor gene in the biological sample from the subject to the level of expression of the tumor suppressor gene in a control sample,
wherein a level of expression of the tumor suppressor gene in the biological sample from the subject that is lower than the level of expression of the tumor suppressor gene in the control sample indicates that the subject is susceptible to developing liver cancer.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the tumor-suppressor gene is XPO4.
6. The method of claim 4 , further comprising measuring the expression level of at least two tumor-suppressor genes listed in Table 1.
7. The method of claim 4 wherein the measuring step comprises measuring the level of a tumor suppressor protein selected from the group consisting of the XPO4, FGF6, WDR49, and PTEN tumor suppressor proteins.
8. The method of claim 4 , wherein the measuring step comprises contacting the biological sample with an antibody that binds to the tumor suppressor protein.
9. The method of claim 4 , wherein the measuring step comprises performing an assay selected from the group consisting of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), performing a radioimmunoassay (RIA), immunoblotting, an immunohistochemical assay, immunoprecipitation, wherein the assay uses an antibody that binds to the tumor suppressor protein.
10. The method of claim 4 , wherein the measuring step comprises performing 2-D gel electrohporesis.
11. The method of claim 4 , wherein the measuring step comprises performing mass spectrometry.
12. The method of claim 4 , wherein the measuring step comprises measuring the level of an mRNA selected from the group consisting of a XPO4, FGF6, WDR49, and PTEN mRNA.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the measuring step comprises performing a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the measuring step comprises performing a quantitative real time PCR (QRT-PCR) method.
15. The method of claim 4 , wherein the control sample is biological sample from a healthy individual.
16. The method of claim 4 , wherein the control sample is a biological sample from an individual without liver cancer.
17. The method of claim 4 , wherein the control sample is a non-cancerous tissue sample.
18. A method for determining the level of expression of a tumor suppressor gene in a subject suspected of having liver cancer, the method comprising:
(a) obtaining a biological sample from a subject suspected of having liver cancer, and
(b) determining the level of expression of a tumor suppressor gene selected from the group consisting of XPO4, FGF6, WDR49, and PTEN in the biological sample.