Methods for preparing aldehydes by self-aldol condensation
Methods for preparing self-aldol condensation products of prenyl aldehyde (3-methyl-2-butenal) by use of an amine catalyst under weakly acidic conditions at temperatures of 10° C. or higher are disclosed. Methods are disclosed for the selective formation of α-1,2-adducts and γ-1,2-adducts of prenyl aldehyde, and for the formation of specialty compositions useful in the flavor and fragrance industries.
1. A method for preparing a 1,2-self aldol condensation product of 3-methyl-2-butenal comprising:
reacting 3-methyl-2-butenal in the presence of a weak acid and an amine at a temperature of 10° C. or higher under conditions sufficient to form a 1,2-self aldol condensation product of 3-methyl-2-butenal.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the amine comprises a primary amine, and an α-1,2-condensation product of 3-methyl-2-butenal is formed.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the amine comprises a secondary amine or a tertiary amine, and a γ-1,2-condensation product of 3-methyl-2-butenal is formed.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the weak acid has a pK a relative to water of about 2 to about 6.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the weak acid comprises a carboxylic acid having a pK a relative to water of about 2 to about 6.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the carboxylic acid comprises an alkanoic acid having a formula RCO 2 H, wherein R is C 1 to C 17 alkyl.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the alkanoic acid is selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, propionic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and mixtures thereof.
8. The method of claim 5 , wherein the carboxylic acid comprises an aromatic carboxylic acid.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the aromatic carboxylic acid comprises benzoic acid.
10. The method of claim 5 , wherein the carboxylic acid comprises an alkanedioic acid.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the alkanedioic acid is selected from the group consisting of hexanedioic acid, tartaric acid, and mixtures thereof.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the weak acid comprises a weakly acidic ion-exchange resin.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the amine comprises an alkyl primary amine.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the amine comprises an alkyl primary amine having a formula H 2 NR 1 , wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting of secondary alkyl, cycloalkyl, and tertiary alkyl.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the alkyl primary amine is selected from the group consisting of tert-octylamine, tert-butylamine, cyclohexylamine, and mixtures thereof.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the amine comprises a dialkyl secondary amine.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the dialkyl secondary amine is selected from the group consisting of diethylamine, diisobutylamine, morpholine, pyrrolidine, and mixtures thereof.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the amine comprises a trialkyl tertiary amine.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the trialkyl tertiary amine is selected from the group consisting of triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, and mixtures thereof.
20. The method of claim 2 , wherein (2E)-5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-2,4-hexadienal is formed.
21. The method of claim 3 , wherein (2E,4E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatrienal is formed.
22. A method for preparing a 1,2-self aldol condensation product comprising:
reacting an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde having two γ-hydrogens in the presence of a weak acid and an amine at a temperature of 10° C. or higher under conditions sufficient to form a 1,2-self aldol condensation product.
23. A method for preparing a 1,2-self aldol condensation product comprising:
reacting an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde having at least two γ-hydrogens in the presence of a weak acid and an amine at a temperature of 10° C. or higher under conditions sufficient to form a 1,2-self aldol condensation product, wherein the α,β-unsaturated aldehyde having at least two γ-hydrogens is selected from the group consisting of trans-2-methyl-2-butenal and (E)-2-pentenal.