Cellular honeycomb ultracapacitors and hybrid capacitors and methods for producing
An ultracapacitor or hybrid capacitor includes an electrically non-conductive rigid or semi-rigid porous honeycomb structure ( 12 ) having cells extending along a common direction and having an average density per unit area within in a plane perpendicular to the common direction exceeding 15.5 per square centimeter, desirably formed of a material that is stable at temperatures of 300° or more, such that high temperatures processing can be used to help ensure high purity of the final product. The material may desirably be an oxide or non-oxide ceramic, such as cordierite, silicon nitride, alumina, aluminum titanate, zircon, glass, or glass-ceramic.
1. An ultracapacitor or hybrid capacitor device comprising:
an electrically non-conductive rigid or semi-rigid porous honeycomb structure having cells extending along a common direction, said cells having an average density per unit area within in a plane perpendicular to the common direction exceeding 15.5 per square centimeter;
at least first and second electrodes contained within and extending along first and second ones of said cells, at least said first electrode being a high-surface-area non-galvanic electrode; and
an electrolyte in mutual contact with the first and second electrodes via the pores of the porous honeycomb structure.
2. The device according to claim 1 wherein the cells have an average density per unit area within in a plane perpendicular to the common direction of at least 62 per square centimeter.
3. The device according to claim 1 wherein the cells have an average density per unit area within in a plane perpendicular to the common direction of at least 124 per square centimeter.
4. The device according to claim 1 wherein the honeycomb structure consists of a material capable of withstanding temperatures of at least 300° C.
5. The device according to claim 1 wherein the honeycomb structure comprises an oxide or non-oxide ceramic material.
6. The device according to claim 5 wherein the ceramic material is one of cordierite, silicon nitride, alumina, aluminum titanate, zircon, glass, and glass-ceramic.
7. The device according to claim 1 wherein the second electrode is a galvanic electrode.
8. The device according to claim 1 wherein the second electrode is a high-surface-area non-galvanic electrode.
9. The device according to claim 1 wherein the device comprises a plurality of first electrodes and a plurality of second electrodes.
10. The device according to claim 1 further comprising at least one current collector structure extending along said first cell in electrical contact with said first electrode.
11. The device of claim 10 comprising a plurality of first electrodes and a plurality of second electrodes.
12. The device of claim 1 further comprising at least one current collector structure extending along said first cell in electrical contact with said first electrode.
13. The device of claim 12 wherein said current collector comprises a pin structure comprised of a conductive material extending along the common direction within said first cell.
14. The device of claim 12 wherein said current collector comprises a plurality of pin structures extending along the common direction within respective ones of said cells.
15. The device of claim 12 wherein said current collector comprises a porous layer of conductive material extending at least partially along the common direction on an inside surface of said first cell.
16. The device of claim 15 wherein the porous layer of conductive material extends at least partially along the common direction on the entire inside surface of said first cell.
17. The device of claim 15 wherein the porous layer of conductive material extends at least partially along the common direction on a plurality of discontinuous portions of the entire inside surface of said first cell.
18. The device of claim 1 wherein device of claim 1 wherein the wall porosity of the honeycomb structure is at least 50%.
19. The device of claim 1 wherein the cells are square.
20. The device of claim 1 wherein the cells are of non-uniform sizes.
21. A method for forming an ultracapacitor or hybrid capacitor, the method comprising:
providing an electrically non-conductive rigid or semi-rigid porous honeycomb structure having cells extending along a common direction, said cells having an average density per unit area within in a plane perpendicular to the common direction exceeding 15.5 per square centimeter;
positioning least first and second electrodes within and extending along first and second ones of said cells, at least said first electrode being a high-surface-area non-galvanic electrode, said second electrode being either a galvanic electrode or a high-surface-area non-galvanic electrode; and
contacting said first and second electrodes with an electrolyte, said electrolyte being in mutual contact with the first and second electrodes via the pores of the porous honeycomb structure.
22. The method of claim 21 wherein the step of providing an electrically non-conductive rigid or semi-rigid porous honeycomb structure includes providing a honeycomb structure capable of withstanding temperatures of at least 300° C.
23. The method of claim 21 wherein the step of providing an electrically non-conductive rigid or semi-rigid porous honeycomb structure includes providing a honeycomb structure comprising an oxide or non-oxide ceramic material.
24. The method of claim 21 wherein the step of providing an electrically non-conductive rigid or semi-rigid porous honeycomb structure includes providing a honeycomb structure comprising one of cordierite, silicon nitride, and aluminum titanate.