Enzymatic hydrolysates of okara
Methods for hydrolyzing okara using endopeptidase and/or endoglucanase enzymes are disclosed. The hydrolyzed okara has a diminished water-holding capacity and is useful for supplementing the protein and fiber content of food products.
1. A method for making an enzymatic hydrolysate of okara comprising contacting an aqueous dispersion of okara with one or more endopeptidase enzymes and one or more endoglucanase enzymes in the substantial absence of exopeptidase and exoglucanase enzymes, and drying said aqueous dispersion to a moisture content of less than about 10% by weight to provide an enzymatic hydrolysate of okara having a reduction in water-holding capacity (WHC) of about 5% to about 75% as compared to the WHC of said okara prior to enzymatic hydrolysis, said enzymatic hydrolysate characterized in that a homogenous dispersion of 10 g of said hydrolysate in 85 g of distilled water will separate into distinct phases on standing undisturbed for 1 hour.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said aqueous dispersion of okara is contacted with said one or more endopeptidase enzymes before said one or more endoglucanase enzymes.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein said water-holding capacity (WHC) is reduced by about 20% to about 60% as compared to the WHC of said okara prior to enzymatic hydrolysis.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein said water-holding capacity (WHC) is reduced by about 35% to about 50% as compared to the WHC of said okara prior to enzymatic hydrolysis.
5. A method for making an enzymatic hydrolysate of okara comprising contacting an aqueous dispersion of hydrated okara with, in order, one or more endopeptidase enzymes and one or more endoglucanase enzymes, in the substantial absence of exopeptidase and exoglucanase enzymes, and drying said aqueous dispersion to a moisture content of less than about 10% by weight to thereby provide an hydrolysate of okara having a synergistic reduction in water-holding capacity (WHC) as compared to the reduction in WHC obtainable with either said one or more endopeptidase enzymes or said one or more endoglucanase enzymes, alone, under identical conditions, said enzymatic hydrolysate characterized in that a homogenous dispersion of 10 g of said hydrolysate in 85 g of distilled water will separate into distinct phases on standing undisturbed for 1 hour.
6. A method for making an enzymatic hydrolysate of okara comprising:
(a) contacting an aqueous dispersion of hydrated okara with one or more endopeptidase enzymes and mixing therewith for about 30 to about 180 minutes at a temperature of about 100° F. to about 145° F. and a pH between about 5.5 to about 7; said aqueous dispersion comprising a weight ratio of hydrated okara to water of about 3:1 to about 1:3, and said one or more endopeptidase enzymes being present, collectively, in an amount from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of protein in said hydrated okara;
(b) contacting said aqueous dispersion with one or more endoglucanase enzymes at a pH between about 4 and about 6 and mixing therewith for about 45 to about 240 minutes at a temperature of about 100° F. to about 145° F.; said one or more endoglucanase enzymes being present, collectively, in an amount from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of dietary fiber in said hydrated okara;
(c) inactivating said enzymes; and
(d) drying said aqueous dispersion to a moisture content of less than about 10% by weight to provide an hydrolysate of okara comprising hydrolyzed protein and hydrolyzed fiber and having a water-holding capacity (WHC) which is reduced by about 5% to about 75% as compared to the WHC of said okara before enzymatic hydrolysis;
wherein steps (a) and (b) are performed in the substantial absence of exopeptidase and exoglucanase enzymes; and
wherein said hydrolysate of okara is characterized in that a homogenous dispersion of 10 g of said hydrolysate in 85 g of distilled water will separate into distinct phases on standing undisturbed for 1 hour.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein said aqueous dispersion of okara comprises a weight ratio of hydrated okara to water of about 2:1 to about 1:2.
8. The method of claim 6 wherein said aqueous dispersion of okara comprises a weight ratio of hydrated okara to water of about 1:1 to about 1:1.5.
9. The method of claim 6 wherein said aqueous dispersion of okara comprises a weight ratio of hydrated okara to water of about 1:1.25.
10. The method of claim 6 wherein the temperature in steps (a) and (b) is between about 115° F. to about 135° F.
11. The method of claim 6 wherein the temperature in steps (a) and (b) is about 125° F.
12. The method of claim 6 wherein the pH in step (a) is between about 6 to about 6.9.
13. The method of claim 6 wherein the pH in step (b) is about 5.
14. The method of claim 6 wherein said one or more endopeptidase enzymes are present, collectively, in an amount from about 0.1% to about 2% by weight based on the weight of protein in said hydrated okara.
15. The method of claim 6 wherein said one or more endoglucanase enzymes are present, collectively, in an amount from about 0.1% to about 2% by weight based on the weight of dietary fiber in said hydrated okara.
16. The method of claim 6 wherein said water-holding capacity (WHC) is reduced by about 20% to about 60% as compared to the WHC of said okara prior to enzymatic hydrolysis.
17. The method of claim 6 wherein said water-holding capacity (WHC) is reduced by about 35% to about 50% as compared to the WHC of said okara prior to enzymatic hydrolysis.
18. The method of claim 6 wherein step (c) comprises heating the aqueous dispersion to at least about 160° F. for about 60 seconds or more.
19. The method of claim 6 wherein step (c) comprises heating the aqueous dispersion to about 195° F. for about 30 seconds or more.
20. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more endoglucanase enzymes comprise an endo-1,3(4) beta-glucanase with xylanase, hemicellulase, and cellulase side activities produced by submerged fermentation of Aspergillus aculeatus.
21. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more endoglucanase enzymes comprise a cellulase produced by submerged fermentation of the fungus, Trichoderma reesei.
22. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more endoglucanase enzymes comprise an endo-1,3(4) beta-glucanase with xylanase, hemicellulase, and cellulase side activities produced by submerged fermentation of Aspergillus aculeatus and a cellulase produced by submerged fermentation of the fungus, Trichoderma reesei.