ADAM12 AS A BIOMARKER FOR BLADDER CANCER
The present inventors have shown that the gene and protein expression profiles of ADAM8, ADAM10 and ADAM12 in different grades and stages of bladder cancer. ADAM12 gene expression was evaluated in tumors from 96 patients with bladder cancer using a customized Affymetrix GeneChip. Gene expression in bladder cancer was validated using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative PCR, and in situ hybridization. Protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining on tissue arrays of bladder cancers. The presence and relative amount of ADAM12 in the urine of cancer patients were determined by Western blotting and densitometric measurements, respectively. Particularly ADAM12 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in bladder cancer, as determined by microarray analysis, and the level of ADAM12 mRNA correlated with disease stage. ADAM12 protein expression correlated with tumor stage and grade. ADAM12 was present in higher levels in the urine from bladder cancer patients than in urine from healthy individuals. Significantly, following removal of tumor by surgery, in most bladder cancer cases examined the level of ADAM12 in the urine decreased and, upon recurrence of tumor, increased.
1 . A method for screening an individual for bladder cancer said method comprising the steps of:
a) obtaining a sample from the individual,
b) determining the level of ADAM12 in said sample,
c) comparing said level with a reference level,
d) identifying whether the level is different from said reference level; and
evaluating the disease status of the individual or whether the individual has an increased risk of bladder cancer, if the level is higher than the reference level.
2 . A method for determining whether an individual is likely to have recurrent bladder cancer after being treated for bladder cancer, said method comprises the steps of:
a) determining the level of ADAM12 in a sample obtained post-treatment from the individual treated for bladder cancer
b) comparing said level with a reference level;
c) identifying whether the level is different from said reference level; and
evaluating whether the individual is likely to have recurrent bladder cancer, if the level is higher than the reference level.
3 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the level of ADAM12 is a combined level of ADAM12 selected from the group consisting of any combination of the level of ADAM12 polypeptide, the level of polynucleotide encoding ADAM12 and the level of specific ADAM12 protease activity.
4 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein said method can differentiate between different grades and stages of bladder cancer.
5 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the ADAM12 level is determined by determining ADAM12-L.
6 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the ADAM12 level is determined by determining ADAM12-S.
7 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the ADAM12 level is determined by measuring ADAM12 mRNA or DNA.
8 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the ADAM12 level is determined on protein level.
9 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the sample is urine, blood or plasma.
10 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the sample is a tissue biopsy.
11 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein said determination of the level is carried out on a DNA array.
12 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the ADAM12 level is combined with values from at least one other combinatorial marker.
13 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the combinatorial marker is selected from the group consisting of ADAM8, ADAM10, MMP2 and MMP9.
14 . An array comprising a nucleic acid, which binds ADAM12 for the determination of bladder cancer.
15 . A method for treating bladder cancer comprising:
identifying a mammal expressing elevated levels of ADAM12, and
administering to said mammal an effective amount of a drug sufficient to reduce tumor growth or prevent metastasis.
16 . A method for screening an individual for the presence of an epithelial cancer said method comprising the steps of:
a) obtaining a sample from the individual,
b) determining the level of ADAM12 in said sample,
c) comparing said level with a reference level,
d) identifying whether the level is different from said reference level; and
evaluating the disease status of the individual or whether the individual has an increased risk of an epithelial cancer, if the level is higher than the reference level.