Variable-gain image-reject low-noise amplifier
View Patent ↗A variable-gain amplifier includes an intermediate node operative to receive an electric current from a current source. A common-emitter amplifier has a collector electrically connected to the intermediate node. A first common-base amplifier has an emitter electrically connected to the intermediate node and a collector electrically connected to an output node. A base-degenerated amplifier has an emitter electrically connected to the intermediate node and a collector electrically connected to the output node. A second common-base amplifier has an emitter electrically connected to the intermediate node and a collector electrically connected to small-signal ground. The intermediate node is operative to direct the electric current to the first common-base amplifier, thereby causing the variable-gain amplifier to operate in a first mode; and the intermediate node is operative to direct the electric current to the base-degenerated amplifier and the second common-base amplifier, thereby causing the variable-gain amplifier to operate in a second mode.
1. A variable-gain amplifier comprising:
an intermediate node operative to receive an electric current;
a common-emitter amplifier having a collector electrically connected to the intermediate node;
a first common-base amplifier having an emitter electrically connected to the intermediate node and a collector electrically connected to an output node;
a base-degenerated amplifier having an emitter electrically connected to the intermediate node and a collector electrically connected to the output node;
a second common-base amplifier having an emitter electrically connected to the intermediate node and a collector electrically connected to small-signal ground;
wherein the intermediate node is operative to direct the electric current to the first common-base amplifier, thereby causing the variable-gain amplifier to operate in a first mode; and
wherein the intermediate node is operative to direct the electric current to the base-degenerated amplifier and the second common-base amplifier, thereby causing the variable-gain amplifier to operate in a second mode.
2. The amplifier of claim 1 , wherein the first mode is characterized by a higher gain than the second mode.
3. The amplifier of claim 1 , wherein the variable-gain amplifier is a low-noise amplifier.
4. The amplifier of claim 1 , further comprising:
a first capacitor electrically connected to a base node of the first common-base amplifier;
a second capacitor electrically connected to a base node of the base-degenerated amplifier; and
a third capacitor electrically connected to a base node of the second common-base amplifier;
wherein the first and third capacitors have a capacitance substantially greater than the second capacitor.
5. The amplifier of claim 4 , wherein the second capacitor is in series with the base-emitter capacitance of the base-degenerated amplifier.
6. The amplifier of claim 4 , wherein the second capacitor has a variable capacitance.
7. The amplifier of claim 1 , further comprising a current source electrically connected to the intermediate node, operative to direct current into the amplifier in the second mode and disabled in the first mode.
8. The amplifier of claim 7 , wherein the current source is a transistor in a common emitter configuration.
9. The amplifier of claim 7 , wherein the current source is matched in size to the first common-base amplifier.
10. The amplifier of claim 1 , further comprising a notch filter electrically connected to the intermediate node, the notch filter comprising a capacitor electrically connected in parallel with an open-circuited transmission line.
11. The amplifier of claim 10 , wherein the notch filter exhibits a series resonance when the variable-gain amplifier is operating in the first mode and a parallel resonance when the variable-gain amplifier is operating in the second mode.
12. The amplifier of claim 10 , wherein the transmission line has a notch frequency of one-half wavelength.
13. The amplifier of claim 1 , further comprising one or more additional base-degenerated amplifiers electrically connected to the intermediate node;
wherein the intermediate node is operative to direct current to the second common-base amplifier and the one or more additional base-degenerated amplifiers, thereby causing the variable-gain amplifier to operate in one or more additional modes.
14. The amplifier of claim 13 , wherein the intermediate node is operative to direct current to at least a given one of the one or more additional base-degenerated amplifiers, thereby causing the variable-gain amplifier to operate in at least a given one of the one or more additional modes.
15. The amplifier of claim 1 , wherein the first common-base amplifier provides a first parasitic capacitance when the variable-gain amplifier is operating in the first mode;
wherein the second common-base amplifier provides a second parasitic capacitance when the variable-gain amplifier is operating in the second mode; and
wherein the first parasitic capacitance and the second parasitic capacitance are equal.
16. The amplifier of claim 1 , wherein the output node is electrically connected to an output-matching network.
17. The amplifier of claim 1 , further comprising a third common-base amplifier in series between the output node and the coupled collectors of the first common-base amplifier and the base-degenerated amplifier.
18. A receiver comprising at least one variable-gain amplifier, each variable-gain amplifier comprising:
an intermediate node operative to receive an electric current from a current source;
a common-emitter amplifier having a collector electrically connected to the intermediate node;
a first common-base amplifier having an emitter electrically connected to the intermediate node and a collector electrically connected to an output node;
a base-degenerated amplifier having an emitter electrically connected to the intermediate node and a collector electrically connected to the output node;
a second common-base amplifier having an emitter electrically connected to the intermediate node and a collector electrically connected to small-signal ground;
wherein the intermediate node is operative to direct the electric current to the first common-base amplifier, thereby causing the variable-gain amplifier to operate in a first mode; and
wherein the intermediate node is operative to direct the electric current to the base-degenerated amplifier and the second common-base amplifier, thereby causing the variable-gain amplifier to operate in a second mode.
19. The receiver of claim 18 , wherein the receiver comprises a plurality of variable-gain amplifiers connected in series, each variable-gain amplifier comprising:
an intermediate node operative to receive an electric current from a current source;
a common-emitter amplifier having a collector electrically connected to the intermediate node;
a first common-base amplifier having an emitter electrically connected to the intermediate node and a collector electrically connected to an output node;
a base-degenerated amplifier having an emitter electrically connected to the intermediate node and a collector electrically connected to the output node;
a second common-base amplifier having an emitter electrically connected to the intermediate node and a collector electrically connected to small-signal ground;
wherein the intermediate node is operative to direct the electric current to the first common-base amplifier, thereby causing the variable-gain amplifier to operate in a first mode; and
wherein the intermediate node is operative to direct the electric current to the base-degenerated amplifier and the second common-base amplifier, thereby causing the variable-gain amplifier to operate in a second mode.
20. A design structure embodied in a machine readable medium, the design structure comprising a variable-gain amplifier, the variable-gain amplifier comprising:
an intermediate node operative to receive an electric current from a current source;
a common-emitter amplifier having a collector electrically connected to the intermediate node;
a first common-base amplifier having an emitter electrically connected to the intermediate node and a collector electrically connected to an output node;
a base-degenerated amplifier having an emitter electrically connected to the intermediate node and a collector electrically connected to the output node;
a second common-base amplifier having an emitter electrically connected to the intermediate node and a collector electrically connected to small-signal ground;
wherein the intermediate node is operative to direct the electric current to the first common-base amplifier, thereby causing the variable-gain amplifier to operate in a first mode; and
wherein the intermediate node is operative to direct the electric current to the base-degenerated amplifier and the second common-base amplifier, thereby causing the variable-gain amplifier to operate in a second mode.
21. A method of operating a variable-gain amplifier comprising the steps of:
receiving an electric current at an intermediate node;
determining one of a plurality of modes in which the variable-gain amplifier should operate;
responsive to a determination that the variable-gain amplifier should operate in a first mode, directing the electric current from the intermediate node to a first common-base amplifier, the first common-base amplifier having an emitter electrically connected to the intermediate node and a collector electrically connected to an output node;
responsive to a determination that the variable-gain amplifier should operate in a second mode, directing the electric current from the intermediate node to a base-degenerated amplifier and a second common-base amplifier, the base-degenerated amplifier having an emitter electrically connected to the intermediate node and a collector electrically connected to the output node and the second common-base amplifier having an emitter electrically connected to the intermediate node and a collector electrically connected to small-signal ground.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the first mode is characterized by a higher gain than the second mode.
23. The method of claim 21 , further comprising a step of:
responsive to a determination that the variable-gain amplifier should operate in a given one of one or more additional modes, directing current from the intermediate node to the second common-base amplifier and one or more additional base-degenerated amplifiers electrically connected to the intermediate node.