Process for the purification of lactams
A method and a plant are disclosed for purifying lactams, particularly lactams obtained by cyclizing hydrolysis of aminonitrile. The purification of ε-caprolactam obtained by cyclizing hydrolysis of aminocapronitrile is described which includes eliminating the ammonia from the reaction medium of the hydrolysis, then recovering the lactam from the medium in purified form. The recovery is carried out by performing at least a distillation of the lactam in the presence of a base producing optionally a fronts fraction having compounds more volatile than the lactam, a fraction having the lactam to be recovered to the degree of desired purity and a distillation tails having the lactam and compounds less volatile than the lactam. The distillation tails are treated by various processes such as evaporation in thin layers to recover the major part of the caprolactam and recycling the latter in the purification process.
1. A process for the purification of lactams obtained from a hydrolysis reaction medium comprising an aminonitrile, a lactam, ammonia and a solvent used in the cyclizing hydrolysis of an aminonitrile, the process consisting in:
a. removing ammonia and optionally solvent from the hydrolysis reaction medium; and
b) recovering the lactam from the reaction medium by distilling said lactam at least once in the presence of a base and recovering:
(i) optionally a top fraction comprising compounds which are more volatile than the lactam,
(ii) a fraction comprising the lactam having higher purity of the lactam than was present in the reaction mixture and
(iii) a distillation bottom product comprising lactam and compounds with a higher boiling point than the lactam,
c. treating said distillation bottom product and recovering said lactam from said distillation bottom product, and
d. recycling said recovered lactam from said distillation bottom product, wherein treating said distillation bottom product consists of evaporating a thin-layer of the lactam, crystallizing the lactam, or separating the lactam from impurities by extracting the lactam with water.
2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the step of treating said distillation bottom product includes crystallizing the lactam from a solvent selected from the group consisting of water, aqueous lactam solutions and lactams.
3. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the step of treating said distillation bottom product includes evaporating a thin-layer of the lactam.
4. The process according to claim 3 , wherein evaporating a thin-layer of the lactam is performed by heating the lactam at a temperature of between 130° C. and 150° C. under a pressure of less than 10 mbar.
5. The process according to claim 3 , wherein evaporating a thin-layer of the lactam is performed by heating the lactam at a temperature of less than 150° C. under a pressure of between 5 and 10 mbar.
6. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the step of treating said distillation bottom product includes washing the distillation bottom product with water, and recovering the lactam in an organic phase.
7. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said lactam is distilled in an acidic medium, prior to the distillation in a basic medium.
8. The process according to claim 7 , wherein the acidic medium comprises sulphuric acid.
9. The process according to claim 7 , wherein the acidic medium comprises between 0.5 and 1 mol of at least one acidic compound per mole of free base present in the lactam to be purified.
10. The process according to claim 7 , wherein the acidic medium comprises between 0.7 and 0.9 mol of at least one acidic compound per mole of free base present in the lactam to be purified.
11. The process according to claim 1 , wherein in the step of recovering the lactam from the reaction medium by at least one distillation of said lactam in the presence of a base, wherein the base comprises between 0.05 g and 2 g of at least one base per 1 kg of lactam.
12. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the base comprises alkali metal hydroxides.
13. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the lactam is ε-caprolactam.
14. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the aminonitrile is aminocapronitrile.
15. The process according to claim 1 , wherein at least 90% by weight of the lactam present in said bottom product is recovered.
16. The process according to claim 1 , wherein at least 95% by weight of the lactam present in said bottom product is recovered.
17. The process of claim 1 , wherein the base is selected from the group consisting of alkali earth metal hydroxide, alkaline earth metal hydroxides and metal carbonates.
18. The process of claim 1 wherein the base is selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, lithium carbonate and mixtures thereof.
19. The process of claim 1 , wherein the base comprises sodium hydroxide.
20. A process for the purification of lactams obtained from a hydrolysis reaction medium comprising an aminonitrile, a lactam, ammonia and a solvent used in the cyclizing hydrolysis of an aminonitrile, the process consisting in:
a. removing ammonia and optionally solvent from the hydrolysis reaction medium and
b) recovering the lactam from the reaction medium by distilling said lactam at least once in the presence of a base and recovering:
(i) optionally a top fraction comprising compounds which are more volatile than the lactam,
(ii) a fraction comprising the lactam having higher purity of the lactam than was present in the reaction mixture and
(iii) a distillation bottom product comprising lactam and compounds with a higher boiling point than the lactam,
c. treating said distillation bottom product and recovering said lactam from said distillation bottom product, and
d. recycling said recovered lactam from said distillation bottom product, wherein treating said distillation bottom product consists of evaporating a thin-layer of the lactam, crystallizing the lactam, or separating the lactam from impurities by extracting the lactam with water, and
wherein the losses of the lactam are less than 3% by weight.