Process for producing isocyanates
An isocyanate is produced by: (a) reacting chlorine with carbon monoxide to form phosgene, (b) reacting the phosgene with an organic amine to form an isocyanate and hydrogen chloride, (c) separating the isocyanate and hydrogen chloride, (d) optionally, purifying the hydrogen chloride, (e) preparing an aqueous solution of the hydrogen chloride, (f) optionally, purifying the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, (g) subjecting the aqueous hydrogen chloride solution to electrochemical oxidation to form chlorine, and (h) returning at least a portion of the chlorine produced in (g) to (a).
1. A process for the production of an isocyanate comprising:
(a) reacting chlorine with carbon monoxide to produce phosgene,
(b) reacting the phosgene formed in (a) with at least one organic amine to form an isocyanate and hydrogen chloride,
(c) separating the isocyanate from the hydrogen chloride,
(d) optionally, purifying the hydrogen chloride,
(e) preparing an aqueous solution of the hydrogen chloride,
(f) purifying the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride to a content of organic solvents of a maximum of 0.05 wt. %, wherein the purification is carried out by stripping the aqueous hydrogen chloride solution with steam,
(g) subjecting at least a portion of the aqueous hydrogen chloride solution to electrochemical oxidation to form chlorine, and
(h) returning at least a portion of the chlorine produced in (g) to (a).
2. The process of claim 1 in which phosgene is separated from the hydrogen chloride in (d) by liquefaction.
3. The process of claim 1 in which the hydrogen chloride is purified in (d) by freezing.
4. The process of claim 1 in which the aqueous hydrogen chloride solution formed in (e) is formed by absorption in an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride having a concentration of 15 to 20 wt. %.
5. The process of claim 1 in which purification in (f) is carried out with a chelating ion exchanger to remove iron, silicon and/or aluminum compounds from the aqueous hydrogen chloride solution.
6. The process of claim 5 in which the aqueous hydrogen chloride solution is an at least 8 wt. % solution.
7. The process of claim 1 in which (g) is carried out in an electrolytic cell having an anode chamber and a cathode chamber separated by an ion-exchange membrane.
8. The process of claim 1 in which (g) is carried out in an electrolytic cell having an anode chamber and a cathode chamber separated by a diaphragm.
9. The process of claim 7 in which the anode and/or the cathode comprise graphite.
10. The process of claim 9 in which the cathode comprises graphite and has a coating which contains iridium.
11. The process of claim 9 in which the anode and/or cathode has vertically arranged grooves.
12. The process of claim 8 in which the anode and/or cathode comprise graphite.
13. The process of claim 12 in which the cathode comprises graphite and has a coating which comprises iridium.
14. The process of claim 8 in which the anode and/or cathode has vertically arranged grooves.
15. The process of claim 1 in which platinum group metal ions are added to the aqueous hydrogen chloride solution before (e).
16. The process of claim 1 in which platinum and/or palladium ions are added to the aqueous hydrogen chloride solution before (e).
17. The process of claim 1 in which a gas diffusion electrode is used as cathode in (g).
18. The process of claim 17 in which the gas diffusion electrode comprises an electrically conductive woven fabric, an interwoven fabric, a knitted fabric, a lattice or a non-woven fabric made from carbon which is positioned between a carbon-containing catalyst layer and a gas diffusion layer.
19. The process of claim 18 in which the catalyst layer comprises rhodium, a rhodium sulfide or a mixture of rhodium and a rhodium sulfide.
20. The process of claim 1 in which an anode comprising titanium and having a coating of at least one noble metal oxide is used in (g).
21. The process of claim 1 in which an anode comprising titanium and having a ruthenium oxide coating is used in (g).
22. The process of claim 1 in which an electrolytic cell comprising a titanium and/or a titanium alloy is used in (g).
23. The process of claim 1 in which (i) the carbon monoxide used in (a) is produced by reacting methane with water in a steam reformer, (ii) hydrogen produced during the reaction of water with methane is reacted with an organic nitro compound to form an amine, and (iii) the amine produced in (ii) is used in (b).
24. The process of claim 1 in which chlorine containing bromine and/or iodine is used in (a) to form phosgene which is reacted with TDA in (b).
25. A process for the production of an isocyanate comprising:
(a) reacting chlorine with carbon monoxide to produce phosgene,
(b) reacting the phosgene formed in (a) with at least one organic amine to form an isocyanate selected from the group consisting of diisocyanatodiphenyl methane (MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and hydrogen chloride,
(c) separating the isocyanate from the hydrogen chloride,
(d) optionally, purifying the hydrogen chloride,
(e) preparing an aqueous solution of the hydrogen chloride,
(f) purifying the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride to a content of organic solvents of a maximum of 0.05 wt. %, wherein the purification is carried out by stripping the aqueous hydrogen chloride solution with steam,
(g) subjecting at least a portion of the aqueous hydrogen chloride solution to electrochemical oxidation to form chlorine, and
(h) returning at least a portion of the chlorine produced in (g) to (a) and mixing it with raw chlorine.