Mnk kinase homologous proteins involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis and organelle metabolism
The present invention discloses Mnk homologous proteins regulating the energy homeostasis, the metabolism of triglycerides, and/or is contributing to membrane stability and/or function of organelles, and polynucleotides, which identify and encode the proteins disclosed in this invention. The invention also relates to the use of these sequences in the diagnosis, study, prevention, and treatment of diseases and disorders related to body-weight regulation and thermogenesis, for example, but not limited to, metabolic diseases such as obesity, as well as related disorders such as eating disorder, cachexia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart disease, hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidemia, osteoarthritis, gallstones, and sleep apnea, and disorders related to ROS defence, such as diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer, e.g. cancers of the reproductive organs, and others.
1. A method of screening for an agent which increases or decreases the kinase activity of an Mnk protein selected from Mnk2a, Mnk2b, and Mnk l , or a protein fragment thereof, wherein said protein fragment has the kinase activity of the Mnk protein, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a mixture not having a candidate agent, said mixture comprising: a Mnk protein selected from Mnk2a, Mnk2b, and Mnk1, or a fragment thereof, wherein said Mnk protein, or fragment thereof has a kinase activity; a kinase substrate capable of being phosphorylated by said Mnk protein, or fragment thereof; and a suitable reaction buffer comprising a donor molecule having a radioisotopically labeled phosphate group thereon;
(b) incubating said mixture for a period of time;
(c) determining the level of phosphorylation of the kinase substrate at a first time point and at least one subsequent time point;
(d) comparing the level of phosphorylation of the kinase substrate at the first time point and at the subsequent time point, thereby determining the level of the kinase activity of said Mnk protein, or fragment thereof in the absence of a candidate agent;
(e) repeating steps (a)-(d) in the presence of a candidate agent, thereby determining the level of the kinase activity of said Mnk protein, or fragment thereof in the presence of the candidate agent, and wherein the candidate agent is selected from the group consisting of: an antibody, an aptamer, an antisense molecule, a ribozyme, an iRNA, and a small organic compound having a molecular weight of more than 50 Da and less than about 2500 Da; and
(f) comparing the level of the kinase activity obtained in the absence of the candidate agent with the level in the presence of the candidate agent, whereby an increase in the level of kinase activity in the presence of the candidate agent compared to the level in the absence thereof indicates that the candidate agent is an activator of said kinase activity, and a decrease in the level of kinase activity in the presence of the candidate agent compared to the level in the absence thereof indicates that the candidate agent is an inhibitor of said kinase activity, thereby identifying the candidate agent as a modifier of the kinase activity of an Mnk protein, or a protein fragment thereof, associated with a disease or disorder of body-weight regulation or thermogenesis, said disease or disorder selected from obesity, eating disorder, cachexia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart disease, hypercholesterolemia, and dyslipidemia.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein radioisotopically labeled phosphate groups are transferred from the donor molecule to said kinase substrate and said labeled phosphate groups are detected using autoradiography.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein changes in the mass of the kinase substrate are detected using mass spectrometry.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein a reagent which discriminates between a phosphorylated and an unphosphorylated kinase substrate is used to detect phosphorylation of the kinase substrate.
5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein said reagent which discriminates between a phosphorylated and an unphosphorylated kinase substrate is selected from the group consisting of an antibody or antibody derivative, a recombinant antibody-like structure, a protein, a nucleic acid, a molecule containing a complexed metal ion, an anion exchange chromatography matrix, and an affinity chromatography matrix.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said kinase substrate is immobilized on a solid substrate.
7. The method according to claim 1 , where said kinase substrate is linked to a feature which facilitates binding or detection in order to generate a signal that is suitable for the analysis of the substrate's phosphorylation status, wherein said feature is selected from the group consisting of a biotin molecule, a glutathione-S-transferase moiety, a moiety of six or more consecutive histidine residues, an amino acid sequence or hapten which functions as an epitope tag, a fluorochrome, an enzyme and an enzyme fragment.
8. The method according to claim 7 , wherein said kinase substrate is linked to said feature via a molecular spacer arm to avoid steric hindrance.
9. The method according to claim 7 , wherein said kinase substrate is labeled with a fluorophore.
10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said kinase substrate is labeled and said candidate agent binds to said labeled kinase substrate in solution, and wherein fluorescent polarization is used to determine an increase or decrease in the enzymatic activity of said Mnk protein or protein fragment thereof.
11. The method according to claim 10 , wherein the mixtures of steps (a) and (a) further comprise a fluorescent tracer molecule which is competitive with the kinase substrate for a candidate agent and wherein indirect fluorescence polarization is used to determine an increase or decrease in the enzymatic activity of said Mnk protein or protein fragment thereof.