One electron atom catalysis, increased binding energy compounds, and applications thereof
Provided is a compound having at least one neutral, positive or negative increased binding energy species formed from a one-electron atom having an atomic mass of at least four and at least one other element. The increased binding energy species has a binding energy greater than the binding energy of the corresponding ordinary species, or greater than the binding energy of any species for which the corresponding ordinary species is unstable or is not observed because the ordinary increased binding energy species' binding energy is less than a thermal energy at ambient conditions, or is negative.
1 - 18 . (canceled)
19 . A method of making a compound comprising:
(a) a positive, negative or neutral atom having an atomic mass of at least four and having a binding energy greater than the binding energy of the corresponding atom not made by said method; and
(b) at least one other element,
said method comprising:
reacting a source of one-electron atom having an atomic mass of at least 4 with a catalyst having a net enthalpy of reaction of about m×27.2 eV, where m is an integer, to release energy from said one-electron atom and form said atom having increased binding energy; and reacting said increased binding energy species with said at least one other element to form said compound.
20 . A method according to claim 19 , wherein said source of one-electron atom is helium +1, having a binding energy greater than ordinary helium +1.
21 . A method according to claim 19 , wherein said source of one-electron atom is lithium +2, having a binding energy greater than ordinary lithium +2.
22 . A method according to claim 19 , wherein said source of one-electron atom is beryllium +3, having a binding energy greater than ordinary beryllium +3.
23 . (canceled)
24 . A method of making an increased binding energy atom having an atomic mass of at least four and having a binding energy greater than the binding energy of the corresponding ordinary atom, said method comprising:
reacting a source of one-electron atom having an atomic mass of at least 4 with a catalyst having an enthalpy of reaction of about m×27.2 eV, wherein m is an integer, to release energy from said one-electron atom and form said increased binding energy atom.
25 . A method according to claim 24 , wherein said source of one-electron atom is helium +1, having a binding energy greater than ordinary helium +1.
26 . A method according to claim 24 , wherein said source of one-electron atom is lithium +2, having a binding energy greater than ordinary lithium +2.
27 . A method according to claim 24 , wherein said source of one-electron atom is beryllium +3, having binding energy greater than ordinary beryllium +3.
28 . (canceled)
29 . A method of making an increased binding energy compound comprising:
(a) reacting a source of one-electron atom having an atomic mass of at least 4 with a catalyst having an enthalpy of reaction of about m×27.2 eV, wherein m is an integer, to form a neutral, positive or negative species having a binding greater than the species prior to said reacting; and
(b) reacting said one neutral, positive or negative increased binding energy species with at least one other element to form said compound.
30 . A method according to claim 29 , wherein said source of one-electron atom is helium +1.
31 . A method according to claim 29 , wherein said source of one-electron atom is lithium +2.
32 . A method according to claim 29 , wherein said source of one-electron atom is beryllium +3.
33 . An increased binding energy compound made by a method according to claim 19 .
34 . An increased binding energy compound made by a method according to claim 23 .
35 . An increased binding energy compound made by a method according to claim 29 .