Charge barrier flow-through capacitor-based method of deionizing a fluid
Flow-through capacitors are provided with one or more charge barrier layers. Ions trapped in the pore volume of flow-through capacitors cause inefficiencies as these ions are expelled during the charge cycle into the purification path. A charge barrier layer holds these pore volume ions to one side of a desired flow stream, thereby increasing the efficiency with which the flow-through capacitor purifies or concentrates ions.
1. A method of deionizing a fluid, said method comprising:
(a) allowing a fluid containing ions to flow through a flow channel in fluid communication with at least two electrodes, wherein at least one of said electrodes comprises a pore structure such that said electrode is a porous electrode having a pore volume containing pore volume ions;
(b) applying an electrical potential difference over said at least two electrodes to form an electric field between said electrodes, whereby at least one of said electrodes has a capacitive charge;
(c) allowing electrostatic adsorption of ions from said fluid in said flow channel onto said electrodes by the applied electrical potential difference, and allowing said porous electrode to expel at least a portion of said pore volume ions from electrode pores; and
(d) allowing an electrical potential to exist between said flow channel and said porous electrode, whereby at least a portion of said expelled pore volume ions are retained in said electrode by the electrical potential.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said allowing the electrical potential to exist comprises the step of allowing said electrical potential to form.
3. The method claim 1 , further comprising the step of monitoring the concentration of ions in a fluid in said system.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said method comprises alternating charge cycles and discharge cycles.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein said discharge cycle comprises a shunt between said electrodes.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein said discharge cycle comprises reversing said electric field.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein said method further comprises reversing said electrical potential between said flow channel and said porous electrode.
8. A method comprising:
allowing a fluid containing ions to flow through a flow channel in fluid communication with at least two electrodes, wherein at least one of the electrodes comprises a pore structure such that the electrode is a porous electrode having a pore volume containing coions;
applying an electrical potential difference over the at least two electrodes to form an electric field between the electrodes;
electrostatically adsorbing counterions from the fluid in the flow channel onto the at least one electrode in the electric field; and
allowing a layer having an electrical potential to exist between the flow channel and the porous electrode, the electrical potential permitting the counterions to be adsorbed onto the at least one electrode and the electrical potential retaining at least a portion of the expelled coions in the electrode.
9. The method of claim 8 , comprising alternating charge cycles and discharge cycles of the electrodes.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the discharge cycle comprises a shunt between the electrodes.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the discharge cycle comprises reversing the electric field.
12. The method of claim 9 , further comprising reversing the electrical potential.
13. The method of claim 8 , wherein allowing the layer having the electrical potential to exist comprises allowing the electrical potential to form.
14. The method of claim 8 , wherein the layer comprises a membrane of a material different from the material of the pore structure.
15. A method comprising:
allowing a fluid containing ions to flow through a flow channel in fluid communication with at least two electrodes, wherein at least one of the electrodes comprises a pore structure such that the electrode is a porous electrode having a pore volume containing colons;
electrostatically adsorbing counterions from the fluid in the flow channel onto the at least one electrode; and
using a layer with an electrical potential between the flow channel and the porous electrode to retain colons in the electrode, the electrical potential permitting the counterions to pass through the layer to be adsorbed onto the at least one electrode.
16. The method of claim 15 , comprising alternating charge cycles and discharge cycles of the electrodes.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the discharge cycle comprises a shunt between the electrodes.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the discharge cycle comprises reversing an electric field between the electrodes over the flow channel.
19. The method of claim 16 , further comprising reversing the electrical potential between the flow channel and the porous electrode.
20. The method of claim 15 , wherein the layer comprises a membrane of a material different from the material of the pore structure.