Inhibiting amyloid-beta peptide/rage interaction at the blood-brain barrier
Small molecules are used to inhibit specific receptor-ligand interaction between Alzheimer's amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and Receptor for Advanced Gly-cation Endproducts (RAGE). Objectives include treating Alzheimer's disease and other pathologies involving cerebral amyloid angiopathy; improving blood flow to or within the brain; decreasing the level of Aβ in the brain; reducing neuropathology associated with Alzheimer's disease; reducing inflammation and/or oxidant stress in the brain; improving memory and/or learning; treating other conditions involving Aβ/RAGE interaction at the blood-brain barrier, RAGE-mediated transport of Aβ into the brain, or RAGE activation in brain vasculature and/or brain parenchyma (e.g., diabetic complications); or any combination thereof.
1. A method of inhibiting specific receptor-ligand interaction between Alzheimer's amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE) or RAGE activation, comprising administering an effective amount of one or more tertiary amides such that at least some Aβ/RAGE interaction is inhibited; wherein the tertiary amide(s) is selected from the group consisting of FPS1 (3-chloro-N-[2-cyclohexyl[[1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrrol-2-yl]methyl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]-N-(3-ethoxypropyl)-2,2-dimethyl-(9Cl)-propanamide); FPS2 (3,5-dinitro-N-phenyl-N-[3-[(3,5,5-trimethyl-1-oxohexyl)amino]propyl]-(9Cl)-benzamide); FPS3 (4-chloro-N-[2-(1H-indo-3-yl)-ethyl]-3-nitro-N-(2-pentyl-3-phenyl-allyl-benzamide); N1A2B1 (N-benzyl-4-chloro-N-cyclohexyl-benzamide); N1A2B2 (N-benzyl-2,4-dichloro-N-cyclohexyl-benzamide); N2A1B1(4-chloro-N-(3-methyl-butyl)-N-phenethyl-benzamide); N2A2B2 (N-benzyl-2,4-dichloro-N-(3-methyl-butyl)-benzamide); N2A2B3 (N-benzyl-N-(3-methyl-butyl)-3,5-dinitro-benzamide); N2A2B4 (N-benzyl-N-(3-methyl-butyl)-3-nitro-benzamide); N2A2B5 (N-benzyl-4-chloro-N-(3-methyl-butyl)-3-nitro-benzamide); N3A2B2 (N-benzyl-2,4-dichloro-N-(1-ethyl-propyl)-benzamide); N3A2B3 (N-benzyl-N-(1-ethyl-propyl)-3,5-dinitro-benzamide); N3A2B5 (N-benzyl-4-chloro-N-(1-ethyl-propyl)-3-nitro-benzamide); N4A2B2 (N-benzyl-2,4-dichloro-N-(3-phenyl-propyl)-benzamide); and N4A2B5 (N-benzyl-4-chloro-3-nitro-N-(3-phenyl-propyl)-benzamide.
2. A method of inhibiting specific receptor-ligand interaction between Alzheimer's amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE), comprising administering in vivo an effective amount of a tertiary amide to a subject in need of treatment such that Aβ/RAGE interaction is inhibited, wherein the tertiary amide(s) is selected from the group consisting of FPS1 (3-chloro-N-[2-cyclohexyl[[1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrrol-2-yl]methyl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]-N-(3-ethoxypropyl)-2,2-dimethyl-(9Cl)-propanamide); FPS2 (3,5-dinitro-N-phenyl-N-[3-(3,5,5-trimethyl-1-oxohexyl)amino]propyl]-(9Cl)-benzamide); FPS3 (4-chloro-N-[2-(1H-indo-3-yl)-ethyl]-3-nitro-N-(2-pentyl-3-phenyl-allyl)-benzamide); N1A2B1 (N-benzyl-4-chloro-N-cyclohexyl-benzamide); N1A2B2 (N-benzyl-2,4-dichloro-N-cyclohexyl-benzamide); N2A1B1 (4-chloro-N-(3-methyl-butyl)-N-phenethyl-benzamide); N2A2B2 (N-benzyl-2,4-dichloro-N -( 3 -methyl-butyl)-benzamide); N2A2B3 (N-benzyl-N-(3-methyl-butyl)-3,5-dinitro-benzamide); N2A2B4 (N-benzyl-N-(3-methyl-butyl)-3-nitro-benzamide); N2A2B5 (N-benzyl-4-chloro-N-(3-methyl-butyl)-3-nitro-benzamide); N3A2B2 (N-benzyl-2,4-dichloro-N-(1-ethyl-propyl)-benzamide); N3A2B3 (N-benzyl-N-(1-ethyl -propyl)-3,5-dinitro-benzamide); N3A2B5 (N-benzyl-4-chloro-N-(1-ethyl-propyl)-3-nitro-benzamide); N4A2B2 (N-benzyl-2,4-dichloro-N-(3-phenyl-propyl)-benzamide); and N4A2B5 (N-benzyl-4-chloro-3-nitro-N-(3-phenyl-propyl)-benzamide.
3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein at least some RAGE-mediated Aβ transport into the subject's brain is inhibited by treatment.
4. The method according to claim 2 , wherein at least some RAGE activation by Aβ at the subject's blood-brain barrier is inhibited by treatment.
5. The method according to claim 2 , wherein at least Aβ is decreased in its amount or concentration in the subject's brain by treatment.
6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein at least neuropathology associated with Alzheimer's disease is reduced in the subject's brain by treatment.
7. The method according to claim 2 , wherein at least cerebral blood flow is increased in the subject by treatment.
8. The method according to claim 2 , wherein memory and/or learning is improved in the subject by treatment.
9. The method according to claim 2 , wherein at least some Aβ-RAGE interaction at the subject's blood-brain barrier is disrupted.
10. A method of inhibiting specific receptor-ligand interaction between Alzheimer's amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE), comprising administering in vivo an effective amount of a compound to a subject such that Aβ/RAGE interaction is inhibited, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of FPS1 (3-chloro-N-[2-[cyclohexyl[[1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrrol-2-yl]methyl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]-N-(3-ethoxypropyl)-2,2-dimethyl-(9Cl)-propanamide); FPS2 (3,5-dinitro-N-phenyl-N-[3-[(3,5,5-trimethyl-1-oxohexyl)amino]propyl]-(9Cl)-benzamide); FPS3 (4-chloro-N-[2-(1H-indo-3-y 1 )-ethyl]-3-nitro-N-(2-pentyl-3-phenyl-allyl)-benzamide); N1A2B1 (N-benzyl-4-chloro-N-cyclohexyl-benzamide); N1A2B2 (N-benzy-2,4-dichloro-N-cyclohexyl-benzamide); N2A1B1 (4-chlor-N-(3-methyl-butyl)-N-phenethyl-benzamide); N2A2B2 (N-benzyl-2,4-dichloro-N-(3-methyl -butyl) -benzamide); N2A2B3 (N-benzyl-N-(3-methyl-butyl)-3,5-dinitro -benzamide); N2A2B4 (N-benzyl-N-(3-methyl-butyl)-3-nitro-benzamide); N2A2B5 (N- benzyl-4-chloro-N-(3-methyl-butyl)-3-nitro-benzamide); N3A2B2 (N-benzyl-2,4-dichloro-N-(1-ethyl-propyl)-benzamide); N3A2B3 (N-benzyl-N-(1-ethyl-propyl)-3,5-dinitro-benzamide); N3A2B5 (N-benzyl-4-chloro-N-(1-ethyl-propyl)-3-nitro-benzamide); N4A2B2 (N-benzyl-2,4-dichloro-N-(3-phenyl-propyl)-benzamide); and N4A2B5 (N-benzyl-4-chloro-3-nitro-N-(3-phenyl -propyl)-benzamide).
11. The method according to claim 10 , wherein the compound is N1A2B1 (N-benzyl-4-chloro-N-cyclohexyl-benzamide) or N1A2B2 (N-benzyl-2,4-dichloro-N-cyclohexyl-benzamide).
12. The method according to claim 10 , wherein the compound is FPS1 (3-chloro-N-[2-[cyclohexyl[[1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrrol-2-yl]methyl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]-N-(3-ethoxypropyl)-2,2-dimethyl-(9Cl) -propanamide); FPS2 (3,5-dinitro-N-phenyl-N-[3-[(3,5,5-trimethyl-1-oxohexyl)amino]propyl]-(9Cl)-benzamide); or FPS3 (4-chloro-N-[2-(1H-indo-3-yl)-ethyl]-3-nitro-N-(2-pentyl-3-phenyl-allyl)-benzamide).
13. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the tertiary amide(s) is N1A2B1 (N-benzyl-4-chloro-N-cyclohexyl-benzamide) or N1A2B2 (N-benzyl-2,4-dichloro-N-cyclohexyl-benzamide).
14. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the tertiary amide(s) is FPS1 (3chloro-N[2-[cyclohexyl[[1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrrol-2-yl]methyl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]-N-(3-ethoxypropyl)-2,2-dimethyl-(9Cl-propanamide); FPS2 (3,5-dinitro-N-phenyl-N-[3-[(3,5,5-trimethyl-1-oxohexyl)amino]propyl]-(9Cl)-benzamide); or FPS3 (4-chloro-N-[2-(1H-indo-3-yl)-ethyl]-3-nitro-N -(2-pentyl-3-phenyl-allyl)-benzamide).