Stabilized alpha helical peptides and uses thereof
Novel polypeptides and methods of making and using the same are described herein. The polypeptides include cross-linking (“hydrocarbon stapling”) moieties to provide a tether between two amino acid moieties, which constrains the secondary structure of the polypeptide. The polypeptides described herein can be used to treat diseases characterized by excessive or inadequate cellular death.
1. A method of producing a modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide, the method comprising:
(a) selecting a precursor polypeptide comprising at least two reactive residues; and
(b) reacting the precursor polypeptide in conditions sufficient to promote formation of a crosslink spanning at least one turn of an alpha helix between two of the at least two reactive residues, thereby forming the modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide; wherein the modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide is cell-permeable as determined by a cell permeability study; and
wherein at least one of the at least two reactive residues is an α,α-disubstituted amino acid.
2. A method of producing a modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide, the method comprising:
(a) selecting a precursor polypeptide comprising at least two reactive residues, each of the at least two reactive residues comprising a terminal olefin group; and
(b) reacting the precursor polypeptide in conditions sufficient to promote formation of a crosslink between the terminal olefin groups of two of the at least two reactive residues, thereby forming the modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide, wherein the crosslink spans at least one turn of an alpha helix; wherein the modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide is cell-permeable as determined by a cell permeability study.
3. A method of producing a modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide, the method comprising
(a) selecting a precursor polypeptide comprising at least two reactive residues; and
(b) reacting the precursor polypeptide in conditions sufficient to promote formation of a crosslink between two of the at least two reactive residues, thereby forming the modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide; wherein the modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide is cell-permeable as determined by a cell permeability study; and
wherein the modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide has the formula:
wherein:
each R 1 and R 2 are independently H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, or heterocyclylalkyl;
R 3 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or [R 4 —K—R 4 ] n ; each of which is substituted with 0-6 R 5 ;
R 4 is alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl;
R 5 is halo, alkyl, OR 6 , N(R 6 ) 2 , SR 6 , SOR 6 , SO 2 R 6 , CO 2 R 6 , R 6 , a fluorescent moiety, or a radioisotope;
K is O, S, SO, SO 2 , CO, CO 2 , CONR 6 , or
R 6 is H, alkyl, or a therapeutic agent;
n is an integer from 1-4;
x is an integer from 2-10;
each y is independently an integer from 1-100;
z is an integer from 1-10; and
each Xaa is independently an amino acid.
4. The method of claim 1 , 2 , or 3 , wherein the crosslink stabilizes an α-helical structure.
5. The method of claim 1 , 2 , or 3 , wherein the at least two reactive residues comprise at least one amino acid functionalized at its alpha carbon.
6. The method of claim 2 , or 3 , wherein at least one of the at least two reactive residues is a non-natural amino acid.
7. The method of claim 2 , wherein each of the at least two reactive residues comprises an amino acid functionalized at its alpha carbon with the terminal olefin group.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein each amino acid functionalized at its alpha carbon with the terminal olefin group is further substituted at its alpha carbon with an α-alkyl group.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the α-alkyl group is methyl.
10. The method of claim 1 , 2 , or 3 , wherein the modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide is a proapoptotic or antiapoptotic polypeptide.
11. The method of claim 1 or 2 , wherein the crosslink is formed by olefin metathesis.
12. The method of claim 1 or 2 , wherein the modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide has increased energy-dependent transport across a cell membrane relative to an unmodified polypeptide.
13. The method of claim 1 or 2 , wherein the modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide has increased endocytosis relative to an unmodified polypeptide.
14. The method of claim 3 , wherein R 3 is alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl.
15. The method of claim 3 , wherein x is 3.
16. The method of claim 3 , wherein x is 6.
17. The method of claim 3 , wherein R 3 comprises at least nine consecutive carbon-carbon bonds.
18. The method of claim 3 , wherein at least one of R 1 and R 2 is methyl.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are methyl.
20. The method of claim 3 , wherein R 3 is [R 4 —K—R 4 ] n .
21. The method of claim 1 , 2 , or 3 , wherein the modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide further comprises a fluorescent moiety or radioisotope.
22. The method of claim 1 , 2 , or 3 , wherein the modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide further comprises an affinity label.
23. The method of claim 1 , 2 , or 3 , wherein the modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide further comprises a targeting moiety.
24. The method of claim 1 , 2 , or 3 , wherein the modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide binds to a BCL-2 family polypeptide.
25. The method of claim 1 , 2 , or 3 , wherein the modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide comprises a BH3 domain.
26. The method of claim 1 , 2 , or 3 , wherein the crosslink is placed primarily on a single face of an alpha helix.
27. The method of claim 1 , 2 , or 3 , wherein the at least two reactive residues are amino acids which are separated by three or six amino acids.
28. A method of producing a pharmaceutical composition comprising a modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide, the method comprising:
(a) selecting a precursor polypeptide comprising at least two reactive residues;
(b) reacting the precursor polypeptide in conditions sufficient to promote formation of a crosslink spanning at least one turn of an alpha helix between two of the at least two reactive residues, thereby forming the modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide; wherein the modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide is cell-permeable as determined by a cell permeability study;
wherein at least one of the at least two reactive residues is an α,α-disubstituted amino acid; and
(c) combining the modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or adjuvant.
29. A method of producing a pharmaceutical composition comprising a modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide, the method comprising:
(a) selecting a precursor polypeptide comprising at least two reactive residues, each of the at least two reactive residues comprising a terminal olefin group;
(b) reacting the precursor polypeptide in conditions sufficient to promote formation of a crosslink between the terminal olefin groups of two of the at least two reactive residues, thereby forming the modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide; wherein the crosslink spans at least one turn of an alpha helix; wherein the modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide is cell-permeable as determined by a cell permeability study; and
(c) combining the modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or adjuvant.
30. A method of producing a pharmaceutical composition comprising a modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide, the method comprising
(a) selecting a precursor polypeptide comprising at least two reactive residues;
(b) reacting the precursor polypeptide in conditions sufficient to promote formation of a crosslink between two of the at least two reactive residues, thereby forming the modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide; wherein the modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide is cell-permeable as determined by a cell permeability study; and
wherein the modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide has the formula:
wherein:
each R 1 and R 2 are independently H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, or heterocyclylalkyl;
R 3 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or [R 4 —K—R 4 ] n ; each of which is substituted with 0-6 R 5 ;
R 4 is alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl;
R 5 is halo, alkyl, OR 6 , N(R 6 ) 2 , SR 6 , SOR 6 , SO 2 R 6 , CO 2 R 6 , R 6 , a fluorescent moiety, or a radioisotope;
K is O, S, SO, SO 2 , CO, CO 2 , CONR 6 , or
R 6 is H, alkyl, or a therapeutic agent;
n is an integer from 1-4;
x is an integer from 2-10;
each y is independently an integer from 1-100;
z is an integer from 1-10; and
each Xaa is independently an amino acid; and
(c) combining the modified cell-permeable α-helical polypeptide with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or adjuvant.