Solid electrolyte material manufacturable by polymer processing methods
The present invention relates generally to electrolyte materials. According to an embodiment, the present invention provides for a solid polymer electrolyte material that is ionically conductive, mechanically robust, and can be formed into desirable shapes using conventional polymer processing methods. An exemplary polymer electrolyte material has an elastic modulus in excess of 1×10 6 Pa at 90 degrees C. and is characterized by an ionic conductivity of at least 1×10 −5 Scm-1 at 90 degrees C. An exemplary material can be characterized by a two domain or three domain material system. An exemplary material can include material components made of diblock polymers or triblock polymers. Many uses are contemplated for the solid polymer electrolyte materials. For example, the present invention can be applied to improve Li-based batteries by means of enabling higher energy density, better thermal and environmental stability, lower rates of self-discharge, enhanced safety, lower manufacturing costs, and novel form factors.
1. An electrolyte material comprising:
a plurality of linear block copolymers wherein each of the plurality of linear block polymers comprises a first polymer block and a second polymer block different from the first polymer block, wherein;
a first end of the first polymer block and a first end of the second polymer block are bonded to one another covalently;
the first polymer block is an ionically-conductive polymer block, and a plurality of the ionically-conductive polymer blocks and a salt make up an ionically-conductive lamellar domain; and
the second polymer block is a structural polymer block, and a plurality of the structural polymer blocks make up a structural lamellar domain, wherein;
a plurality of the ionically-conductive lamellar domains and a plurality of the structural lamellar domains are configured as alternating layers; and
the conductive lamellar domains provide pathways for ion conduction through the electrolyte material.
2. The electrolyte material of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte material has an ionic conductivity of at least 1×10 −5 Scm −1 at 90 degrees C.
3. The electrolyte material of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte material has an elastic modulus in excess of 1×10 6 Pa at 25 degrees C.
4. The electrolyte material of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte material has an elastic modulus in excess of 1×10 6 Pa at 90 degrees C.
5. The electrolyte material of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte material has an elastic modulus in excess of 1×10 7 Pa at 90 degrees C.
6. The electrolyte material of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte can be formed into a desirable shape using a standard technique selected from the group consisting of extrusion, molding, calendaring, casting, and printing.
7. The electrolyte material of claim 1 wherein the linear block copolymers are linear diblock copolymers.
8. The electrolyte material of claim 7 wherein the linear diblock copolymer has a molecular weight of at least 150,000 Daltons.
9. The electrolyte material of claim 7 wherein the linear diblock copolymer has a molecular weight of at least 350,000 Daltons.
10. An electrolyte material comprising:
a plurality of linear block copolymers wherein each of the plurality of linear block copolymers comprises a first polymer block, a second polymer block different from the first polymer block, and a third polymer block, wherein;
the first polymer block is an ionically-conductive polymer block, and a plurality of the ionically-conductive polymer blocks and a salt make up an ionically-conductive lamellar domain; and
the second polymer block is a structural polymer block, and a plurality of the structural polymer blocks make up a structural lamellar domain;
a plurality of the third polymer blocks make up a third lamellar domain, and wherein;
a plurality of the ionically-conductive lamellar domains, a plurality of the structural lamellar domains, and a plurality of the third lamellar domains are configured as alternating layers; and
the conductive lamellar domains provide pathways for ion conduction through the electrolyte material.
11. The electrolyte material of claim 1 wherein the linear block copolymers are linear triblock copolymers.
12. The electrolyte material of claim 11 wherein each of the plurality of linear triblock polymers comprises the first polymer block, the second polymer block, and a third polymer block.
13. The electrolyte material of claim 10 wherein a first end of the first polymer block is bonded covalently to a first end of the second polymer block and a first end of the third polymer block is bonded covalently to a second end of the second polymer block.
14. The electrolyte material of claim 11 wherein the linear triblock copolymer has a molecular weight of at least 250,000 Daltons.
15. The electrolyte material of claim 11 wherein the linear triblock copolymer has a molecular weight of at least 400,000 Daltons.
16. The electrolyte material of claim 1 wherein at least one of the ionically-conductive lamellar domain and the structural lamellar domain further comprises a plurality of perforations.
17. The electrolyte material of claim 16 , wherein the ionically-conductive lamellar domain has a larger volume than the structural lamellar domain, and wherein the ionically-conductive lamellar domain fills the perforations in the structural lamellar domain.
18. The electrolyte material of claim 16 wherein the structural lamellar domain has a larger volume than the ionically-conductive lamellar domain, and wherein the structural lamellar domain fills the perforations in the ionically-conductive lamellar domain.
19. The electrolyte material of claim 16 wherein the perforations have a height between about 5 and 100 nanometers.
20. The electrolyte material of claim 16 wherein the perforations have a center-to-center spacing of between about 5 and 100 nanometers on average.
21. The electrolyte material of claim 1 wherein the ionically-conductive linear polymer blocks comprise a material selected from the group consisting of polyethers, polyamines, and combinations thereof.
22. The electrolyte material of claim 21 wherein the ionically-conductive linear polymer blocks comprise polyethylene oxide.
23. The electrolyte material of claim 1 wherein the structural polymer blocks comprise a non-ionic-conducting polymer with a bulk modulus greater than 10 −7 Pa at 90 degrees C.
24. The electrolyte material of claim 1 wherein the structural polymer blocks comprise a component selected from a group comprising styrene, methacrylate, vinylpyridine, vinylcyclohexane, imide, amide, propylene, alphamethylstyrene and combinations thereof.
25. The electrolyte material of claim 1 wherein the ionically-conductive linear polymer blocks and the structural polymer blocks each has a molecular weight of at least 50,000 Daltons.
26. The electrolyte material of claim 1 wherein the ionically-conductive polymer blocks and the structural polymer blocks each has a molecular weight of at least 100,000 Daltons.
27. The electrolyte material of claim 1 wherein the salt comprises a lithium salt.
28. The electrolyte material of claim 1 wherein the ionically-conductive lamellar domain further comprises an additive that enhances ionic conductivity.
29. The electrolyte material of claim 28 wherein the additive comprises ceramic nanoparticles selected from the group consisting of Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , and SiO 2 nanoparticles particles.
30. The electrolyte material of claim 28 wherein the additive comprises an ionically conducting polymer.
31. The electrolyte material of claim 28 wherein the additive comprises a room temperature ionic liquid.
32. The electrolyte material of claim 28 wherein the additive comprises a high dielectric organic plasticizer.
33. The electrolyte material of claim 28 wherein the additive comprises one or more Lewis acids.
34. The electrolyte material of claim 28 wherein the electrolyte material has an ionic conductivity of at least 1×10 −5 Scm −1 at 25 degrees C.
35. The electrolyte material of claim 28 wherein the electrolyte material has an ionic conductivity of at least 1×10 −4 Scm −1 at 25 degrees C.
36. The electrolyte material of claim 10 wherein a first end of the first polymer block is bonded covalently to a first end of the second polymer block and a first end of the third polymer block is bonded covalently to a second end of the first polymer block.
37. The electrolyte material of claim 10 wherein the electrolyte material has an ionic conductivity of at least 1×10 −5 Scm −1 at 90 degrees C.
38. The electrolyte material of claim 10 wherein the electrolyte material has an elastic modulus in excess of 1×10 6 Pa at 25 degrees C.
39. The electrolyte material of claim 10 wherein the electrolyte material has an elastic modulus in excess of 1×10 6 Pa at 90 degrees C.
40. The electrolyte material of claim 10 wherein the electrolyte material has an elastic modulus in excess of 1×10 7 Pa at 90 degrees C.
41. The electrolyte material of claim 10 wherein the third lamellar domain has a volume between about 2% to 20% of the sum of the volumes of the ionically-conductive lamellar domain and the structural domain.
42. The electrolyte material of claim 10 wherein a first end of the first polymer block is bonded covalently to a first end of the third polymer block and a second end of the third polymer block is bonded covalently to a first end of the second polymer block.
43. The electrolyte material of claim 10 wherein the third polymer block comprises a rubbery polymer.
44. The electrolyte material of claim 10 wherein the third polymer block is selected from the group consisting of polysiloxanes, polyacrylates, and polydienes.
45. The electrolyte material of claim 13 wherein the third polymer block is the same as the first polymer block.