Process for hydrogenation of carboxylic acids and derivatives to hydrocarbons
Process for hydrogenating a carboxylic acid or derivative thereof by feeding a carboxylic acid or derivative thereof and hydrogen to a reactor, maintaining conditions therein such that hydrogen reacts with the carboxylic acid and/or derivative thereof to form a product stream including one or more hydrocarbons and one or more oxides of carbon and feeding the product stream to a flash separator. A vapor fraction including the one or more oxides of carbon is separated from a liquid fraction having the one or more hydrocarbons. The concentration of carbon oxides in the flash separator is at or below a predetermined value.
1. A process for producing hydrocarbons from a carboxylic acid and/or derivative thereof, which process comprises the steps of:
(a) feeding hydrogen and a reaction composition comprising a carboxylic acid and/or derivative thereof and feedstock hydrocarbons to a reactor, wherein the source of the carboxylic acid and/or derivative thereof is biological fat and wherein the feedstock hydrocarbons are derived from the refining of crude oil and comprise sulphur compounds in an amount of from 0.2 to 2% by weight expressed as elemental sulphur;
(b) maintaining conditions within the reactor such that the hydrogen reacts with the carboxylic acid and/or derivative thereof to produce one or more oxides of carbon and one or more product hydrocarbons derived from the carboxylic acid and/or derivative thereof, and the sulphur compounds react in the reactor to form hydrogen sulphide, wherein the reaction is catalysed and is performed at a temperature in the range of from 200 to 430° C. and a pressure in the range of from 20 to 200 bara (2 to 20 MPa);
(c) removing from the reactor a product stream comprising unreacted hydrogen, the one or more product hydrocarbons, the hydrogen sulphide and the one or more oxides of carbon from the reactor;
(d) feeding the product stream to a flash separator;
(e) removing from the flash separator a vapour fraction and a liquid fraction, in which the vapour fraction comprises hydrogen, the hydrogen sulphide and the one or more oxides of carbon, and the liquid fraction comprises the one or more product hydrocarbons;
(f) stripping the hydrogen sulphide from the vapour fraction using a liquid amine; and
(g) recycling at least a portion of the vapour fraction to the reactor;
wherein the process comprises controlling one or more of the reaction temperature, the partial pressure of hydrogen in the reactor, the total pressure in the reactor, and the mole ratio of hydrogen to carboxylic acid and/or derivative thereof in the reactor such that the total concentration of the one or more oxides of carbon in the vapour fraction from the flash separator is maintained at or below a value of 500 ppm by weight.
2. A process as claimed in claim 1 , in which the source of carboxylic acid and/or derivative thereof is a biological oil or fat.
3. A process as claimed in claim 1 , in which the one or more product hydrocarbons are used as or are blended with diesel, gasoline or aviation fuel.
4. A process as claimed in claim 1 , in which the number of carbon atoms in the one or more product hydrocarbons is in the range of from 10 to 22.
5. A process as claimed in claim 1 , in which the reaction composition additionally comprises feedstock hydrocarbons derived from the refining of crude oil.
6. A process as claimed in claim 5 , in which the feedstock hydrocarbons are desulphurised or non-desulphurised diesel fuel.
7. A process as claimed in claim 1 , in which the liquid fraction from the flash separator is separated into two or more fractions.
8. A process as claimed in claim 1 , in which the sulphur compounds are a constituent of feedstock hydrocarbons that are also present in the reaction composition.
9. A process as claimed in claim 1 , in which the catalysed reaction is carried out in the presence of a catalyst comprising one or more of Pd, Pt, Ni, Ru, Cu, Co, Cr, Mo and W.