Compositionally modulated composite materials and methods for making the same
A light-weight composite material with enhanced structural characteristics includes, in one embodiment, a compositionally modulated nanolaminate coating electrically deposited into an open, accessible void structure of a porous substrate. As a result of including a nanolaminate within the void structure, the composite can include a greater amount of nanolaminate material per unit volume than can be achieved by depositing a nanolaminate material solely on a two-dimensional surface. In addition, the nanolaminate material as well as other material electrodeposited to form the composite is compositionally modulated so that discontinuities between layers are minimized and potentially eliminated. The light-weight but structurally enhanced composite material can be used in a number of different applications including, but not limited to, ballistic applications (e.g., armor panels or tank panels), automotive protection applications (e.g., car door panels, racing shells) and sporting equipment applications (e.g., golf club shafts and tennis racket frames).
1. A method for forming a composite using electrodeposition, the method comprising:
providing a bath including at least two electrodepositable components;
connecting a porous preform including accessible interior void structures to a first electrode;
inserting the porous preform into the bath;
inserting a second electrode into the bath; and
applying time varying voltage or current to the first electrode where the time varying voltage or current oscillates at least for two cycles to deposit a compositionally modulated material within the accessible interior void structure of the porous preform;
wherein said porous preform is a graded element; and
wherein said graded element comprises a particle bed having layers of different sized particles or a foam having layers consisting of different porosities.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said graded element is a foam having layers consisting of different porosities.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein after said compositionally modulated material is deposited, an additional or capping layer is deposited to seal off the interior porous structure.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compositionally modulated material is graded to minimize or mask composition discontinuities between the layers.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein after said compositionally modulated material is deposited, an additional or capping layer is deposited to seal off the interior porous structure.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compositionally modulated material includes a metal matrix and a plurality of electrodepo sited nanosized particles with an average grain size from about 10 to 200 nm.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein after said compositionally modulated material is deposited, an additional or capping layer is deposited to seal off the interior porous structure.
8. The method of claim 1 , where the porous preform comprises a non-conductive material.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrodeposited compositionally modulated material includes at least one portion consisting of a plurality of composition cycles having wavelengths between about 200 nm and 1 nm.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the wavelengths within the at least one portion are substantially equivalent.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the wavelengths vary continuously within the at least one portion.
12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the electrodeposited compositionally modulated material includes regions of deposition including a wavelength greater than 200 nm.
13. The method of claim 9 , wherein the electrodeposited compositionally modulated material exhibits an increase in elastic modulus.
14. The method of claim 9 , wherein the electrodeposited compositionally modulated material exhibits an increased strength.
15. The method of claim 9 , wherein the electrodeposited compositionally modulated material exhibits an increased hardness.
16. The method of claim 9 , wherein the electrodeposited compositionally modulated material includes at least one of nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, gold, silver, platinum and combinations thereof.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the compositionally modulated material comprises a compositionally modulated alloy comprising Ni and Fe.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the electrodeposited compositionally modulated material varies throughout the depth of the porous preform.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the electrodeposited compositionally modulated material includes at least one portion consisting of a plurality of composition cycles having wavelengths between about 200 nm and 1 nm.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrodeposited compositionally modulated material includes regions of deposition including a wavelength greater than 200 nm.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrodeposited compositionally modulated material includes at least one of nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, gold, silver, platinum and combinations thereof.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the compositionally modulated material comprises a compositionally modulated alloy comprising Ni and Fe.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein said graded element is a particle bed having layers of different sized particles.
24. The method of claim 23 , wherein after said compositionally modulated material is deposited, an additional or capping layer is deposited to seal off the interior porous structure.