Method and apparatus for measuring activity in the peripheral nervous system
A method and apparatus for measuring activity in the peripheral nervous system comprises a nerve cuff having an array of chemical detectors such as chemFETS or ISFETS. Activity within the nerve causes chemical responses which can be detected. The use of chemical rather than electrical detection minimizes interference problems and allows the cuffs to be made smaller.
1. A nerve cuff for monitoring neural electrical activity, comprising:
a plurality of chemFET sensors provided on an inside wall of the nerve cuff and configured to monitor local changes in concentrations of a plurality of ionic species in proximity to neural tissue, wherein at least some of the plurality of sensors are sensitive to changes in concentration of K + ions and in which at least some of the plurality of sensors are sensitive to changes in concentration of ions other than K + ions;
reference chemFET sensors provided on an external wall of the nerve cuff configured to provide background ionic measurements; and
electronics configured to differentiate between neural signals and external interference signals using measured rapid local changes in concentration of K+ ions when compared with measured changes in concentration of the other ions.
2. A nerve cuff as claimed in claim 1 in which the sensors form a sensor array.
3. A nerve cuff as claimed in claim 2 further comprising a platinum reference array.
4. A nerve cuff as claimed in claim 2 in which the sensor array defines a ring.
5. A nerve cuff as claimed in claim 3 further comprising a central ring and first and second end rings.
6. A nerve cuff as claimed in claim 1 in which the sensors are of three types, respectively sensitive to K + , Cl − and Na + ions.
7. A nerve cuff as claimed in claim 1 further comprising an electrical stimulation electrode, wherein the nerve cuff is configured to stimulate a nerve in response to a measurement of a pattern of chemical activity.
8. A nerve cuff as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising electrodes for monitoring the electrical activity of a nerve within the cuff.
9. A nerve cuff as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a radially-extending flange for rotation-resistance.
10. A nerve cuff as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising on-cuff electronics for recording or processing outputs from the sensors.
11. The nerve cuff of claim 1 , wherein at least some of the plurality of sensors are sensitive to changes in concentration of Na + ions, and wherein the electronics are arranged to detect an occurrence of neural signals based on a rapid local concentration increase of K + ions immediately following a local concentration decrease of Na + ions.
12. The nerve cuff of claim 1 further comprising one or more electrodes arranged to detect the direction of the neural signal and discriminate between sensory and motor signals.
13. A method of measuring the activity of a nerve within the peripheral nervous system comprising:
surrounding the nerve with a nerve cuff having a plurality of chemFET sensors provided on an inside wall of the nerve cuff and reference chemFET sensors provided on an external wall of the nerve cuff configured to provide background ionic measurements, and recording an output of each of the sensors;
wherein at least some of the plurality of chemical sensors provided on the inside wall of the nerve cuff monitor changes in concentration of K + ions and at least some of the plurality of sensors monitor changes in concentration of ions other than K + ions, the method further comprising differentiating between neural signals and external interference signals using measured rapid local changes in concentration of K + ions when compared with measured changes in concentration of the other ions.
14. A method of treatment comprising:
surrounding a nerve of the peripheral nervous system with a nerve cuff having a plurality of chemFET sensors provided on an inside wall of the nerve cuff and reference chemFET sensors provided on an external wall of the nerve cuff configured to provide background ionic measurements, and stimulating the nerve in dependence upon outputs of the sensors;
wherein at least some of the plurality of chemical sensors provided on the inside wall of the nerve cuff monitor changes in concentration of K + ions and at least some of the plurality of sensors monitor changes in concentration of ions other than K + ions, the method further comprising differentiating between neural signals and external interference signals using measured rapid local changes in concentration of K + ions when compared with measured changes in concentration of the other ions.
15. A method of measuring neural electrical activity, comprising:
surrounding a nerve of the peripheral nervous system with a nerve cuff having a plurality of chemFET sensors provided on an inside wall of the nerve cuff and reference chemFET sensors provided on an external wall of the nerve cuff configured to provide background ionic measurements;
using the chemFET sensors to monitor changes in concentrations of one or more ionic species; and
associating the monitored changes with electrical activity.