Powder metallurgy composition
A most preferred composition for the mixture, prior to sintering into an article (ideally a valve seat insert), is as follows: 35% hard phase, 65% matrix (excepting incidental impurities), the hard phase component being 2.2% C, 29.1% Cr, 4.9% Co, 5.3% Ni, 20.2% W with the balance being Fe and allowing less than 2% for one or more machinability aids and solid lubricants, and the matrix component being one of a high chrome steel powder (e.g. 18% Cr, 1% Ni, 2.5% Mo, balance Fe), a low alloy steel powder (3% Cu, 1% C, balance Fe; 3% Cr, 0.5% Mo, 1% C, balance Fe; 4% Ni, 1.5% Cu, 0.5% Mo, 1% C, balance Fe; 4% Ni, 2% Cu, 1.4% Mo, 1% C, balance Fe), or a tool steel powder (5% Mo, 6% W, 4% Cr, 2% V, 1% C, balance Fe), or a low-alloy steel powder as above but which issued in conjunction with a copper infiltration process during sintering.
1. A powder metallurgy mixture having a composition, in weight percentage (wt %) of the powder metallurgy mixture, excepting incidental impurities, of
between 55-90 wt % iron-based matrix powder,
between 45-10 wt % hard phase powder,
optionally a machinability aid,
optionally a solid lubricant selected from the group of: CaF 2 , MoS 2 , talc, free graphite flakes, BN and BaF 2 ,
wherein the machinability aid and the solid lubricant are provided in amounts not greater than 5 wt % each,
the above constituents together total 100 wt % of the powder metallurgy mixture, and
the hard phase powder has a composition, in weight percentage (wt %) of the hard phase powder, excepting incidental impurities, of
at least 30 wt % Fe:
1-3 wt % C
20-35 wt % Cr
2-22 wt % Co
2-15 wt % Ni
8-25 wt % W
optionally one or more of the following elements in greater than trace amounts, but not totaling any more than 5 wt % of all such elements: V, Ti, Cu, and
the balance being Fe.
2. A mixture according to claim 1 wherein the iron-based matrix powder is a high chrome steel and has a composition, in weight percentage (wt %) of the iron-based matrix powder, between 16-20 wt % Cr, 10-15 wt % Ni, 0.1-5 wt % Mo, 0-2 wt % C, with the remainder being Fe apart from incidental impurities.
3. A mixture according to claim 1 wherein the iron-based matrix powder is a low-alloy steel powder and has a composition, in weight percentage (wt %) of the iron-based matrix powder, no more than 19.6 wt % total non-iron constituents, other than incidental impurities, said constituents essentially including C in an amount ≦2 wt %, and optionally including one or more of Mo 0-2 wt %, Cu 0-5 wt %, Cr 0-5 wt %, Ni 0-5 wt %, and 0.6 wt % of one or more of Mn, P or S.
4. A mixture according to claim 1 wherein the iron-based matrix powder is a tool steel powder, the tool steel being of the Tungsten-Molybdenum class tool steels, and has a composition, in weight percentage (wt %) of the iron-based matrix powder, 0-2 wt % C, 3-7 wt % Mo, 4-8 wt % W, 2-6 wt % Cr, 0.5-4 wt % V with remaining balance being Fe apart from incidental impurities.
5. A mixture according to claim 4 wherein the composition is 1 wt % C, 5% Mo, 6 wt % W, 4 wt % Cr, 2 wt % V, with the incidental impurities being <0.5 wt % each and the balance being Fe.
6. A mixture according to claim 3 wherein the non-iron components are:
i. added elementally during mixing,
ii. pre-alloyed with the Fe component and provided to the mixture as a pre-alloyed Fe/non Fe metal(s) powder
iii. diffusion bonded to the Fe component and provided to the mixture as a diffusion bonded powder comprising Fe and one or more non-Fe metals
iv. any combination of the above.
7. A sintered product comprising the mixture as defined in claim 3 , wherein the mixture is sintered and infiltrated with copper, the copper being present in an amount 5-30 wt % as a percentage of the composition of the finished sintered product after completion of the sintering process.
8. A sintered product according to claim 7 wherein the copper is present in amount between 8-22 wt % as a percentage of the finished sintered product after completion of the sintering process.
9. A sintered product according to claim 7 wherein the copper is present in amount between 12-18 wt % as a percentage of the finished sintered product after completion of the sintering process.
10. A sintered product according to claim 7 , wherein the composition of the iron-based powder matrix powder is 3 wt % Cr, 0.5 wt % Mo, 1 wt % C added elementally during mixing, with balance being Fe, with Cu present in an amount of 14 wt % when expressed as a percentage of composition of the finished sintered product after completion of the sintering process.
11. A mixture according to claim 3 wherein the compositions of the low-alloy steel are chosen form one of the following:
i. 3 wt % Cu, 1% C, with balance Fe
ii. 3 wt % Cr, 0.5 wt % Mo, 1 wt % C, with balance Fe
iii. 4 wt % Ni, 1.5 wt % Cu, 0.5 wt % Mo, 1 wt % C, with balance Fe, or
iv. 4 wt % Ni, 2 wt % Cu, 1.4 wt % Mo, 1 wt % C, with balance Fe.
12. A mixture according to claim 1 wherein the composition of the hard phase component in said mixture is chosen from the following:
2 wt % C, 23.5 wt % Cr, 19-5 wt % Co, 10.6 wt % Ni, 10.3 wt % W, with Fe balance
2 wt % C, 23.8 wt % Cr, 14.7 wt % Co, 10.7 wt % Ni, 15.5 wt % W with Fe balance
2 wt % C, 24.7 wt % Cr, 9.7 wt % Co, 5.3 wt % Ni, 15.3 wt % W with Fe balance.
13. A mixture according to claim 1 wherein the composition of the hard phase component is:
1.8 wt % C, 29.8 wt % Cr, 5.1 wt % Co, 5.0 wt % Ni, 20.1 wt % W with Fe balance.
14. A mixture according to claim 1 wherein the composition of the iron-based matrix powder is, in weight percentage (wt %) of the iron-based matrix powder:
3 wt % Cr pre-alloyed with the Fe, 0.5 wt % Mo pre-alloyed with the Fe, and 1 wt % C added elementally during mixing, with the balance being Fe.
15. A mixture according to claim 1 wherein the powder metallurgy mixture includes the machinability aid, and the machinability aid is MnS.
16. A mixture according to claim 15 wherein the MnS has been pre-alloyed in that the MnS has been formed in the melt from which one of the powders forming one of the constituents of the iron-based matrix powder or hard phase components is made.
17. A mixture according to claim 1 wherein the solid lubricant is added to the composition and the solid lubricant is, selected from the group consisting of: CaF 2 , MoS 2 , talc, free graphite flakes, BN and BaF 2 .
18. A mixture according to claim 1 wherein the machinability aid and the solid lubricant are added to the composition.
19. A mixture according to claim 1 wherein the hard phase powder compositions are made by one or more of the following methods:
grinding a metal or alloy ingot, and
by one or more of oil, gas, air, or water atomization.
20. An article made by compaction, heating and cooling from a powder metallurgy mixture as defined in claim 1 .
21. A sintered valve seat insert, made from a mixture as defined in claim 1 .
22. A sintered valve seat insert according to claim 21 , wherein the mixture is sintered and infiltrated with copper, the copper being present in an amount 5-30 wt % as a percentage of the composition of the finished sintered mixture after completion of the sintering process.
23. A powder metallurgy mixture having a composition, in weight percentage (wt %) of the powder metallurgy mixture, excepting incidental impurities, of
between 55-90 wt % iron-based matrix powder, and
between 45-10 wt % hard phase powder,
wherein the hard phase powder has a composition, in weight percentage (wt %) of the hard phase powder, excepting incidental impurities, of
at least 30 wt % Fe:
1-3 wt % C
20-35 wt % Cr
2-22 wt % Co
2-15 wt % Ni
8-25 wt % W, and
the iron-based matrix powder is a high chrome steel and has a composition, in weight percentage (wt %) of the iron-based matrix powder, between 16-20 wt % Cr, 10-15 wt % Ni, 0.1-5 wt % Mo, 0-2 wt % C, with the remainder being Fe apart from incidental impurities.
24. A sintered product including a powder metallurgy mixture having a composition, in weight percentage (wt %) of the powder metallurgy mixture, excepting incidental impurities, of
between 55-90 wt % iron-based matrix powder, and
between 45-10 wt % hard phase powder,
wherein the hard phase powder has a composition, in weight percentage (wt %) of the hard phase powder, excepting incidental impurities, of
at least 30 wt % Fe:
1-3 wt % C
20-35 wt % Cr
2-22 wt % Co
2-15 wt % Ni
8-25 wt % W, and
the iron-based matrix powder is a low-alloy steel powder and has a composition, in weight percentage (wt %) of the iron-based matrix, no more than 19.6 wt % total non-iron constituents, other than incidental impurities, said constituents essentially including C in an amount ≦2 wt %, and optionally including one or more of Mo 0-2 wt %, Cu 0-5 wt %, Cr 0-5 wt %, Ni 0-5 wt %, and 0.6 wt % of one or more of Mn, P or S, and
the mixture is sintered and infiltrated with copper, the copper being present in an amount 5-30 wt % as a percentage of the composition of the finished sintered product after completion of the sintering process.
25. A sintered product according to claim 24 wherein the copper is present in amount between 8-22 wt % as a percentage of the finished product after completion of the sintering process.
26. A sintered product according to claim 24 wherein the copper is present in amount between 12-18 wt % as a percentage of the finished product after completion of the sintering process.
27. A sintered product according to claim 24 , wherein the composition of the iron-based powder matrix is 3 wt % Cr, 0.5 wt % Mo, 1 wt % C added elementally during mixing, with balance being Fe, with Cu present in an amount of 14 wt % when expressed as a percentage of composition of the finished product after completion of the sintering process.
28. A powder metallurgy mixture having a composition, in weight percentage (wt %) of the powder metallurgy mixture, excepting incidental impurities, of
between 55-90 wt % iron-based matrix powder, and
between 45-10 wt % hard phase powder,
wherein the hard phase powder has a composition, in weight percentage (wt %) of the hard phase powder, excepting incidental impurities, of
at least 30 wt % Fe:
1-3 wt % C
20-35 wt % Cr
2-22 wt % Co
2-15 wt % Ni
8-25 wt % W, and
the iron-based matrix powder is a low-alloy steel powder and has a composition, in weight percentage (wt %) of the iron-based matrix, chosen from one of the following:
i. 3 wt % Cu, 1% C, with balance Fe
ii. 3 wt % Cr, 0.5 wt % Mo, 1 wt % C, with balance Fe
iii. 4 wt % Ni, 1.5 wt % Cu, 0.5 wt % Mo, 1 wt % C, with balance Fe, or
iv. 4 wt % Ni, 2 wt % Cu, 1.4 wt % Mo, 1 wt % C, with balance Fe.
29. A powder metallurgy mixture having a composition, in weight percentage (wt %) of the powder metallurgy mixture, excepting incidental impurities, of
between 55-90 wt % iron-based matrix powder, and
between 45-10 wt % hard phase powder,
wherein the hard phase powder has a composition, in weight percentage (wt %) of the hard phase powder, excepting incidental impurities, of
at least 30 wt % Fe:
1-3 wt % C
20-35 wt % Cr
2-22 wt % Co
2-15 wt % Ni
8-25 wt % W, and
the composition of the iron-based matrix powder is, in weight percentage (wt %) of the iron-based matrix powder:
3 wt % Cr pre-alloyed with the Fe, 0.5 wt % Mo pre-alloyed with the Fe, and 1 wt % C added elementally during mixing, with the balance being Fe.