Method for determining azole resistance in
There is disclosed a method for determining azole resistance in Candida glabrata . A biological sample containing Candida glabrata is obtained and a normalized mRNA level of CDR1 gene is determined using qRT-PCR. Using a microbroth dilution assay conducted at azole concentrations of about 2-8 μg/mL, a susceptible isolate of Candida glabrata is obtained. A qRT-PCR assay is employed on the susceptible isolate and an average mRNA level of CDR1 is obtained. A fold-change value for CDR1 is obtained by comparing the CDR1 mRNA level of the biological sample with that of the average mRNA level. A ≧2-fold change value is indicative of an azole resistance in Candida glabrata . The present method provides a qRT-PCR assay for azole resistance that has a sensitivity of ≧90% and a specificity of ≧90%.
1. A method for determining azole resistance in Candida glabrata , comprising the steps of
a) obtaining a biological sample containing Candida glabrata;
b) isolating RNA from said biological sample;
c) performing qRT-PCR to determine mRNA level of CDR1 gene of said biological sample; and
d) comparing said mRNA level in step (c) with an average mRNA level to obtain a fold-change value, said average mRNA level is obtained by a process, said process comprises the steps of:
(i) obtaining a plurality of azole susceptible isolates of Candida glabrata , wherein said azole susceptible isolates are determined using a microbroth dilution assay conducted at a plurality of azole MIC concentrations between about 2 μg/mL to about 8 μg/mL;
(ii) performing qRT-PCR to determine normalized mRNA level of CDR1 gene of said azole susceptible isolates for each azole MIC concentration;
(iii) generating a trend line between said normalized CDR1 expression level in step (ii) and said azole MIC concentrations in step (i);
(iv) calculating the mean of at least one normalized CDR1 expression level above said trend line and at least one normalized CDR1 expression level below said trend line to obtain an average normalized CDR1 expression level for each azole MIC concentration; and
(v) calculating the mean of said average normalized CDR1 expression levels to obtain an average mRNA level, wherein a ≧2-fold change value is indicative of azole resistance of said Candida glabrata present in said biological sample, and wherein said method having a sensitivity of≧90% and a specificity ≧90%.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said biological sample in step (a) is obtained from a cervicovaginal swab, blood, or urine.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said biological sample in step (a) is obtained from a cervicovaginal swab.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said isolating step is performed using a reagent selected. from the group consisting of guanidine thiocyanate and guanidine hydrochloride.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said performing step (c) is TaqMan qRT-PCR or multiplex qRT-PCR.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said performing step (c) is performed using a forward primer and a reverse primer, wherein said forward primer has a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, and said reverse primer has a nucleotide sequence set forth in SED ID NO: 2.
7. The method of claim 6 , where said performing step (c) is performed further using a probe, said probe having a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein said performing step (ii) is performed using a forward primer and a reverse primer, wherein said forward primer has a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, and said reverse primer has a nucleotide sequence set forth in SED ID NO: 2.
9. The method of claim 8 , where said performing step (ii) is performed further using a probe, said probe having a nucleotide sequence set forth in. SEQ ID NO: 3.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein said azole is a triazole.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein said triazole is selected from the group consisting of fluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole and itraconazole.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein said microbroth dilution assay in step (i) is conducted at three azole concentrations.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein said azole concentration comprises 2, 4 and 8 μg/mL, of fluconazole.
14. The method of claim. 1 , wherein said generating step in step (iii) is performed using actin as a reference gene.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein said fold-change value is ≧3-fold.
16. The method of claim. 15 , wherein said method has a sensitivity of ≧95% and a specificity of≧95%.
17. A method for determining azole resistance in Candida glabrata , comprising the steps of
a) obtaining a biological sample containing Candida glabrata;
b) isolating RNA from said biological sample;
c) performing qRT-PCR to determine mRNA level of CDR1 gene of said biological sample; and
d) comparing said mRNA level in step (c) with an average mRNA level to obtain a fold-change value, said average mRNA level is obtained by a process, said process comprises the steps of
(i) obtaining a plurality of azole susceptible isolates of Candida glabrata , wherein said azole susceptible isolate is determined using a microbroth dilution assay conducted at fluconazole MIC concentrations of 2 μg/mL, 4 μg/mL, and 8 μg/mL;
(ii) performing qRT-PCR to determine mRNA level of CDR1 gene of said azole susceptible isolates for each MIC;
(iii) generating a trend line between normalized CDR1 expression level in step (ii) and said fluconazole MIC concentrations in step (i);
(iv) calculating the mean of at least one normalized CDR1 expression level above said trend line and at least one normalized CDR1 expression level below said trend line to obtain an average normalized CDR1 expression level for each fluconazole concentration to obtain an averaged normalized CDR1 expression level for each azole concentration; and
(v) calculating the mean of said average normalized CDR1 expression levels to obtain said average mRNA level, wherein a≧2-fold change value is indicative of azole resistance of said Candida glabrata present in said biological sample, and wherein said method having a sensitivity of ≧90% and a specificity ≧90%.