Lower-cost, ultra-high-strength, high-toughness steel
View Patent ↗A non-stainless steel alloy includes, in combination by weight, about 0.20% to about 0.33% carbon, about 4.0% to about 8.0% cobalt, about 7.0 to about 11.0% nickel, about 0.8% to about 3.0% chromium, about 0.5% to about 2.5% molybdenum, about 0.5% to about 5.9% tungsten, about 0.05% to about 0.20% vanadium, and up to about 0.02% titanium, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities.
1. A non-stainless steel alloy comprising, in combination by weight:
about 0.20% to about 0.33% carbon, about 4.0% to about 8.0% cobalt, about 7.0% to about 11.0% nickel, about 0.8% to about 3.0% chromium, about 0.5% to about 2.5% molybdenum, about 0.5% to about 5.9% tungsten, about 0.05% to about 0.20% vanadium, and titanium up to about 0.02%, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities said alloy having a microstructure characterized by MC grain refinement particles by inclusion of principally M 2 C carbide particle precipitates wherein M 2 is comprised of chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), and vanadium (V) in a predominately lath martensite matrix, said alloy further characterized by the combination of an ultimate tensile strength of at least about 1900 MPa, a K IC , high fracture toughness of at least about 100 to 140 MPa√m and enhanced stress K ISCC corrosion cracking resistance as measured by ASTMF1624 or similar method of at least about 105 to 120 MPa√m.
2. The alloy of claim 1 , wherein the alloy comprises, in combination by weight: about 0.25% to about 0.31% carbon, about 6.8% to about 8.0% cobalt, about 9.3 to about 10.5% nickel, about 0.8% to about 2.6% chromium, about 0.9% to about 2.1% molybdenum, about 0.7% to about 2.0% tungsten, about 0.05% to about 0.12% vanadium, and up to about 0.015% titanium, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities.
3. The alloy of claim 1 , wherein the alloy comprises, in combination by weight: about 0.29% to about 0.31% carbon, about 6.8% to about 7.2% cobalt, about 9.8 to about 10.2% nickel, about 0.8% to about 2.6% chromium, about 0.9% to about 2.1% molybdenum, about 0.7% to about 1.4% tungsten, about 0.05% to about 0.12% vanadium, and up to about 0.015% titanium, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities.
4. The alloy of claim 1 , wherein the alloy is strengthened at least in part by M 2 C carbide precipitates which measure less than about 20 nm in the longest dimension.
5. The alloy of claim 1 , wherein the alloy comprises, in combination by weight: about 0.25% to about 0.31% carbon, about 6.8% to about 8.0% cobalt, about 9.3 to about 10.5% nickel, about 0.8% to about 2.6% chromium, about 0.9% to about 2.1% molybdenum, about 0.7% to about 2.0% tungsten, about 0.05% to about 0.12% vanadium, and titanium up to about 0.015%, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities.
6. The alloy of claim 1 , wherein the alloy comprises, in combination by weight: about 0.29% to about 0.31% carbon, about 6.8% to about 7.2% cobalt, about 9.8 to about 10.2% nickel, about 0.8% to about 2.6% chromium, about 0.9% to about 2.1% molybdenum, about 0.7% to about 1.4% tungsten, about 0.05% to about 0.12% vanadium, and titanium up to about 0.015%, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities.
7. The alloy of claim 1 , wherein the alloy comprises, in combination by weight: about 0.25% to about 0.33% carbon, about 6.0% to about 8.0% cobalt, about 9.0% to about 10.5% nickel, about 0.5% to about 1.5% chromium, about 1.7% to about 2.3% molybdenum, about 0.8% to about 1.8% tungsten, about 0.05% to about 0.15% vanadium, and titanium up to about 0.015%, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities.
8. The alloy of claim 1 , wherein the alloy comprises, in combination by weight: about 0.29% to about 0.31% carbon, about 6.8% to about 7.2% cobalt, about 9.9% to about 10.3% nickel, about 0.8% to about 1.2% chromium, about 1.9% to about 2.1% molybdenum, about 1.2% to about 1.4% tungsten, about 0.05% to about 0.08% vanadium, and titanium up to about 0.015%, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities.
9. The alloy of claim 1 wherein the collective weight percent of molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), tungsten (W) and vanadium (V) is about 3 to 5 percent.
10. The alloy of claim 1 wherein the collective weight percent of molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), tungsten (W) and vanadium (V) is about 3.2 to 4.4 weight percent.
11. The alloy of claim 1 wherein the alloy is characterized by an ultimate tensile strength of at least about 1900 MPa and a K IC fracture toughness of at least about 110 MPa √m.
12. A method for manufacture of the alloy of claim 1 comprising:
providing a steel alloy comprising, in combination by weight, about 0.20% to about 0.33% carbon, about 4.0% to about 8.0% cobalt, about 7.0 to about 11.0% nickel, about 0.8% to about 3.0% chromium, about 0.5% to about 2.5% molybdenum, about 0.5% to about 5.9% tungsten, about 0.05% to about 0.20% vanadium, and up to about 0.02% titanium, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities;
subjecting the alloy to a solutionizing heat treatment at 950° C. to 1100° C. for 60-90 minutes; and
subjecting the alloy to a tempering heat treatment at 465° C. to 550° C. for 4-32 hours.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the alloy comprises, in combination by weight, about 0.25% to about 0.31% carbon, about 6.8% to about 8.0% cobalt, about 9.3 to about 10.5% nickel, about 0.8% to about 2.6% chromium, about 0.9% to about 2.1% molybdenum, about 0.7% to about 2.0% tungsten, about 0.05% to about 0.12% vanadium, and up to about 0.015% titanium, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the alloy comprises, in combination by weight, about 0.29% to about 0.31% carbon, about 6.8% to about 7.2% cobalt, about 9.8 to about 10.2% nickel, about 0.8% to about 2.6% chromium, about 0.9% to about 2.1% molybdenum, about 0.7% to about 1.4% tungsten, about 0.05% to about 0.12% vanadium, and up to about 0.015% titanium, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities.
15. The method of claim 12 , further comprising:
quenching the alloy after the solutionizing heat treatment; and
air cooling the alloy after the tempering heat treatment.
16. The method of claim 9 , further comprising:
subjecting the alloy to a cryogenic treatment between the solutionizing heat treatment and the tempering heat treatment.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein the alloy has a resultant microstructure comprising M 2 C carbide precipitates which measure less than about 20 nm in the longest dimension.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the M of the M 2 C carbide precipitates comprises one or more elements selected from the group consisting of: Mo, Cr, W, and V.
19. The method of claim 12 , wherein the alloy comprises, in combination by weight, about 0.25% to about 0.33% carbon, about 6.0% to about 8.0% cobalt, about 9.0% to about 10.5% nickel, about 0.5% to about 1.5% chromium, about 1.7% to about 2.3% molybdenum, about 0.8% to about 1.8% tungsten, about 0.05% to about 0.15% vanadium, and up to about 0.015% titanium, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities.
20. The method of claim 12 , wherein the alloy comprises, in combination by weight, about 0.29% to about 0.31% carbon, about 6.8% to about 7.2% cobalt, about 9.9% to about 10.3% nickel, about 0.8% to about 1.2% chromium, about 1.9% to about 2.1% molybdenum, about 1.2% to about 1.4% tungsten, about 0.05% to about 0.08% vanadium, and up to about 0.015% titanium, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities.