Proteins Involved in After-Cooking Darkening in Potatoes
Proteins that are associated with increased after-cooking darkening (ACD) are described. The proteins are useful in diagnostic assays for detecting ACD. Inhibiting or activating the proteins can also be useful in controlling and/or reducing ACD.
1 . A method of determining the susceptibility of a plant to ACD comprising assaying a sample from a plant for (a) a nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein that is associated with ACD or (b) a protein that is associated with ACD, wherein the presence of (a) or (b) indicates that the plant is more susceptible to ACD.
2 . The method according to claim 1 wherein the protein that is associated with ACD is as shown in Table 10.
3 . The method according to claim 1 wherein the protein that is associated with ACD is a patatin or protease inhibitor.
4 . The method according to claim 1 wherein the protein that is associated with ACD is selected from the group consisting of TC161896 (SEQ ID NO:1);
TC134133 (SEQ ID NO:2); TC132790 (SEQ ID NO:3); TC133947 (SEQ ID NO:4); TC136010 (SEQ ID NO:5); TC151960 (SEQ ID NO:6); TC137506 (SEQ ID NO:7); and DV625464 (SEQ ID NO:8).
5 . The method according to claim 1 wherein the protein that is associated with ACD is selected from the group consisting of: TC111865 similar to TIGR_Osa119629.m06146 dnaK protein; BG595818 homologue to PIR|F86214|F86 protein T6D22.2; TC111941 UP|SPI5_SOLTU (Q41484) Serine protease inhibitor 5 precursor; TC112005 similar to UP|Pat5_SOLTU (P15478) Patatin T5 precursor; CN464679; CV495171; TC145399 UP|Q3YJS9_SOLTU Patatin; TC136029 similar to UP|Q2MYW1_SOLTU Patatin; TC146516 homologue to UP|Q41467_SOLTU Patatin; TC136299 UP|Q2MY45_SOLTU Patatin protein 06; CN513938; TC159351 UP|CPI10_SOLTU (024383) Cysteine protease inhibitor 10 precursor and TC136010 UP|Q41427_SOLTU Polyphenol oxidase.
6 . The method according to claim 1 wherein the protein that is associated with ACD is selected from the group consisting of: CV472061 BLAST (Probable serine protease inhibitor 6 precursor, E=1.1e-113); TC145880 UP|API8_SOLTU (P17979) Aspartic protease inhibitor 8 precursor; NP005684 GB|X95511.1CM64764.1 lipoxygenase; CN515035 BLAST (Aspartic protease inhibitor 1 precursor, E=5e-25); DV624394 BLAST (Probable serine protease inhibitor 6 precursor, E=2e-24); TC132785 UP|Q4319-SOLTU (Q4319) Lipoxygenase; TC132774 UP|R1_SOLTU (Q9AWA5) Alpha-glucan water dikinase; chloroplast precursor; and TC133954 homologue to UP|ENO_LYCES (P263) Enolase (2-phosphoglycerate dehydratase); TC135332 UP|PHSL1_SOLTU (P445) Alpha-1,4 glucan phosphorylase, L-1 isozyme; and TC136417 cysteine proteinase inhibitor 7 precursor.
7 . The method according to claim 1 wherein the nucleic acid molecule or protein that is associated with ACD is selected from the group consisting of polyphenol oxidase, aspartic protease inhibitor 7 precursor, 5-lipoxygenase, phosphoglycerate kinase-like, mitochondrial ATPase beta subunit, linoleate:oxygen oxidoreductase, malate dehydrogenase-like protein, patatin precursor, 1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase-like, proteinase inhibitor I (ISOFORMS), kunitz-type enzyme inhibitor, SOLTU Serine protease inhibitor 5 precursor, elongation factor 1-alpha, aspartic proteinase inhibitor (ISOFORMS), wound-induced proteinase inhibitor I precursor, dehydroascorbate reductase, cysteine proteinase inhibitor 7 precursor, and patatin protein.
8 . The method according to claim 1 wherein the plant is a potato.
9 . The method according to claim 1 wherein an antibody that binds to the ACD associated protein is used to detect the ACD associated protein.
10 . The method according to claim 1 wherein the ACD related protein is detected using electrophoresis.
11 . The method according to claim 1 wherein the nucleic acid molecule comprises a sequence shown in Table 11.
12 . The method according to claim 1 wherein the nucleic acid molecule that is associated with ACD is detected using a real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (real-time qRT-PCR).
13 . The method according to claim 12 , wherein the real-time qRT-PCR is performed using a reference gene as shown in Table 16.
14 . The method according to claim 12 , wherein the real-time qRT-PCR is performed at a magnesium chloride concentration between 1.5-5 mM.
15 . The method according to claim 12 , wherein the real-time qRT-PCR is performed at an annealing temperature between 60-68° C.
16 . A method of modulating the expression or activity of an ACD related gene or protein comprising administering to a cell or plant in need thereof an effective amount of an agent that modulates ACD related protein expression and/or activity.
17 . The method according to claim 16 to decrease ACD in plants comprising administering an effective amount of an agent that can inhibit the expression of the ACD related gene and/or inhibit activity of the ACD related protein.
18 . The method according to claim 17 wherein the agent is an antibody, an antisense oligonucleotide or a nucleic acid molecule that mediates RNA interference.
19 . The method according to claim 18 wherein the ACD related gene or protein is selected from the group consisting of PPO, Pi, L:O, and MDH.
20 . The method according to claim 16 wherein the plant is a potato.
21 . A biomarker for detecting ACD in a plant comprising one or more proteins in Table 10.
22 . The biomarker according to claim 21 comprising one or more patatin or protease proteins inhibitors of Table 10.
23 . The biomarker according to claim 21 comprising a protein selected from the group consisting of TC161896 (SEQ ID NO:1); TC134133 (SEQ ID NO:2); TC132790 (SEQ ID NO:3); TC133947 (SEQ ID NO:4); TC136010 (SEQ ID NO:5); TC151960 (SEQ ID NO:6); TC137506 (SEQ ID NO:7); and DV625464 (SEQ ID NO:8).
24 . The biomarker according to claim 21 comprising a protein selected from the group consisting of: TC111865 similar to TIGR_Osa1|9629.m06146 dnaK protein; BG595818 homologue to PIR|F86214|F86 protein T6D22.2; TC111941 UP|SPI5_SOLTU (Q41484) Serine protease inhibitor 5 precursor; TC112005 similar to UP|Pat5 SOLTU (P15478) Patatin T5 precursor; CN464679; CV495171; TC145399 UP|Q3YJS9_SOLTU Patatin; TC136029 similar to UP|Q2MYW1_SOLTU Patatin; TC146516 homologue to UP|Q41467_SOLTU Patatin; TC136299 UP|Q2MY45_SOLTU Patatin protein 06; CN513938; TC159351 UP|CP|10_SOLTU (O24383) Cysteine protease inhibitor 10 precursor and TC136010 UP|Q41427_SOLTU Polyphenol oxidase.
25 . The biomarker according to claim 21 comprising a protein selected from the group consisting of: CV472061 BLAST (Probable serine protease inhibitor 6 precursor, E=1.1e-113); TC145880 UP|API8_SOLTU (P17979) Aspartic protease inhibitor 8 precursor; NP005684 GB|X95511.1|CAA64764.1 lipoxygenase; CN515035 BLAST (Aspartic protease inhibitor 1 precursor, E=5e-25); DV624394 BLAST (Probable serine protease inhibitor 6 precursor, E=2e-24); TC132785 UP|Q4319 SOLTU (Q4319) Lipoxygenase; TC132774 UP|R1_SOLTU (Q9AWA5) Alpha-glucan water dikinase; chloroplast precursor; and TC133954 homologue to UP|ENO_LYCES (P263) Enolase (2-phosphoglycerate dehydratase); TC135332 UP|PHSL1_SOLTU (P445) Alpha-1,4 glucan phosphorylase, L-1 isozyme; and TC136417 cysteine proteinase inhibitor 7 precursor.
26 . A biomarker for detecting ACD in a plant comprising a nucleic acid sequence shown in Table 11.
27 . A biomarker for detecting ACD in a plant comprising a gene or protein selected from the group consisting of polyphenol oxidase, aspartic protease inhibitor 7 precursor, 5-Lipoxygenase, phosphoglycerate kinase-like, mitochondrial ATPase beta subunit, linoleate:oxygen oxidoreductase, malate dehydrogenase-like protein, patatin precursor, 1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase-like, proteinase inhibitor I (ISOFORMS), kunitz-type enzyme inhibitor, SOLTU Serine protease inhibitor 5 precursor, elongation factor 1-alpha, aspartic proteinase inhibitor (ISOFORMS), wound-induced proteinase inhibitor I precursor, dehydroascorbate reductase, cysteine proteinase inhibitor 7 precursor, and patatin protein.