Systems and methods for providing enhanced volume-weighted average price trading
Systems and methods for providing trading using an eVWAP price in an illiquid market are provided. In an illiquid market there may be little or no actual trades. During a trading period, the eVWAP price is therefore determined from not only trades, but also unmatched bids and offers. The eVWAP price is determined when new information becomes available or at a specified time interval. The final eVWAP price is determined when the sampling period ends. Once the final eVWAP price is determined, the value of the final eVWAP price is published for use as a price to settle a contract.
1. A method comprising:
receiving by at least one programmed computer data on a financial instrument, wherein the data includes:
(i) trade data received at one time, the trade data corresponding to a trade of the financial instrument and comprising a trade size and a trade price, and
(ii) order data received at a subsequent time, the order data corresponding to one of an unmatched bid and an unmatched offer for the financial instrument and comprising an order price and an order size;
calculating by the at least one programmed computer an enhanced volume-weighted average price for the financial instrument based at least in part on the trade data, wherein calculating the enhanced volume-weighted average price includes:
(i) increasing a total-trade-size by the trade size, wherein the total-trade-size is equivalent to a sum of sizes corresponding to trades of the financial instrument; and
(ii) calculating the enhanced volume-weighted average price based at least on the trade size, the trade price, and the total-trade-size;
calculating by the at least one programmed computer another enhanced volume-weighted average price for the financial instrument based at least in part on the order data, wherein calculating the another enhanced volume-weighted average price includes:
(i) calculating a value based at least on (1) the total-trade-size, and
(2) a difference between the order price and the enhanced volume-weighted average price; and
(ii) adjusting the enhanced volume-weighted average price by the value, thereby resulting in the another enhanced volume-weighted average price,
wherein an effect of the value to adjust the enhanced volume-weighted average price decreases with an increase in size of the total-trade-size;
calculating by the at least one programmed computer at least one additional enhanced volume-weighted average price for the financial instrument based at least in part on the another enhanced volume-weighted average price and the received data; and
communicating by the at least one programmed computer via a communications network to at least another programmed computer the additional enhanced volume-weighted average price.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the enhanced volume-weighted average price and the another enhanced volume-weighted average price are calculated as:
trade_flag
*
(
(
trade_price
t
*
trade_size
t
+
eVWAP
t
-
1
*
total_trade
_size
t
-
1
)
total_trade
_size
t
)
+
bidoffer_flag
*
(
eVWAP
t
-
1
+
bid_flag
*
(
bid_size
t
bid_size
_flag
total_trade
_size
t
-
1
)
trade_ratio
_flag
*
bid_size
_ratio
bid_ratio
_flag
*
(
bid
t
-
eVWAP
t
-
1
)
(
1
+
bid_scaling
_factor
*
bid
t
-
eVWAP
t
-
1
)
bid_exponent
+
offer_flag
*
(
offer_size
t
offer_size
_flag
total_trade
_size
t
-
1
)
trade_ratio
_flag
*
offer_size
_ratio
offer_ratio
_flag
*
(
offer
t
-
eVWAP
t
-
1
)
(
1
+
offer_scaling
_factor
*
offer
t
-
eVWAP
t
-
1
)
offer_exponent
)
.
3. The method of claim 1 ,
wherein calculating the enhanced volume-weighted average price and the another enhanced volume-weighted average price comprises calculating the enhanced volume-weighted average price and the another enhanced volume-weighted price over a sampling period;
wherein calculating the enhanced volume-weighted average price further comprises calculating the enhanced volume-weighted average price at a lapsing of a specified time interval during the sampling period; and
wherein calculating the another enhanced volume-weighted average price further comprises calculating the another enhanced volume-weighted average price at a lapsing of a subsequent specified time interval during the sampling period.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein adjusting the enhanced volume-weighted average price by the value comprises adjusting the enhanced volume-weighted average price towards the order price.
5. The method of claim 4 ,
wherein the order price is less than the enhanced volume-weighted average price, thereby making the value equivalent to a negative value; and
wherein adjusting the enhanced volume-weighted average price by the value is equivalent to subtracting the value from the enhanced volume-weighted average price.
6. The method of claim 4 ,
wherein the order price is greater than the enhanced volume-weighted average price, thereby making the value equivalent to a positive value; and
wherein adjusting the enhanced volume-weighted average price by the value is equivalent to adding the value to the enhanced volume-weighted average price.
7. The method of claim 1 ,
wherein the method further comprises:
based on a bid-offer spread for the financial instrument, determining by the at least one programmed computer a starting value for an enhanced volume-weighted average price for the financial instrument; and
wherein calculating the enhanced volume-weighted average price comprises calculating the enhanced volume-weighted average price based at least in part on the starting value.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein an effect of the value to adjust the enhanced volume-weighted average price decreases a greater the difference between the order price and the enhanced volume-weighted average price.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein calculating the another enhanced volume-weighted average price comprises calculating the another enhanced volume-weighted average price based at least on the order price of the order data but not on the order size of the order data.
10. The method of claim 1 ,
wherein the method further comprises determining by the at least one programmed computer that the order price of the order data is within a predetermined price range; and
wherein calculating the another enhanced volume-weighted average price comprises:
based at least in part on determining that the order price is within the predetermined price range, calculating the another enhanced volume-weighted average price based at least in part on the order data.
11. An apparatus comprising:
a storage device;
at least one processor connected to the storage device, wherein the storage device stores a program that when executed by the at least one processor, directs the at least one processor to:
receive data on a financial instrument, wherein the data includes:
(i) trade data received at one time, the trade data corresponding to a trade of the financial instrument and comprising a trade size and a trade price, and
(ii) order data received at a subsequent time, the order data corresponding to one of an unmatched bid and an unmatched offer for the financial instrument and comprising an order price and an order size;
calculate an enhanced volume-weighted average price for the financial instrument based at least in part on the trade data, wherein to calculate the enhanced volume-weighted average price includes to:
(i ) increase a total-trade-size by the trade size, wherein the total-trade-size is equivalent to a sum of sizes corresponding to trades of the financial instrument; and
(ii) calculate the enhanced volume-weighted average price based at least on the trade size, the trade price, and the total-trade-size;
calculate another enhanced volume-weighted average price for the financial instrument based at least in part on the order data, wherein to calculate the another enhanced volume-weighted average price includes to:
(i) calculate a value based at least on (1) the total-trade-size, and (2) a difference between the order price and the enhanced volume-weighted average price; and
(ii) adjust the enhanced volume-weighted average price by the value, thereby resulting in the another enhanced volume-weighted average price,
wherein an effect of the value to adjust the enhanced volume-weighted average price decreases with an increase in size of the total-trade-size;
calculate at least one additional enhanced volume-weighted average price for the financial instrument based at least in part on the another enhanced volume-weighted average price and the received data; and
communicate via a communications network to at least another programmed computer the additional enhanced volume-weighted average price.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the enhanced volume-weighted average price and the another enhanced volume-weighted average price are calculated as:
trade_flag
*
(
(
trade_price
t
*
trade_size
t
+
eVWAP
t
-
1
*
total_trade
_size
t
-
1
)
total_trade
_size
t
)
+
bidoffer_flag
*
(
eVWAP
t
-
1
+
bid_flag
*
(
bid_size
t
bid_size
_flag
total_trade
_size
t
-
1
)
trade_ratio
_flag
*
bid_size
_ratio
bid_ratio
_flag
*
(
bid
t
-
eVWAP
t
-
1
)
(
1
+
bid_scaling
_factor
*
bid
t
-
eVWAP
t
-
1
)
bid_exponent
+
offer_flag
*
(
offer_size
t
offer_size
_flag
total_trade
_size
t
-
1
)
trade_ratio
_flag
*
offer_size
_ratio
offer_ratio
_flag
*
(
offer
t
-
eVWAP
t
-
1
(
1
+
offer_scaling
_factor
*
offer
t
-
eVWAP
t
-
1
)
offer_exponent
)
.
13. The apparatus of claim 11 ,
wherein to calculate the enhanced volume-weighted average price and the another enhanced volume-weighted average price comprises to calculate the enhanced volume-weighted average price and the another enhanced volume-weighted price over a sampling period;
wherein to calculate the enhanced volume-weighted average price further comprises to calculate the enhanced volume-weighted average price at a lapsing of a specified time interval during the sampling period; and
wherein to calculate the another enhanced volume-weighted average price further comprises to calculate the another enhanced volume-weighted average price at a lapsing of a subsequent specified time interval during the sampling period.
14. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein to adjust the enhanced volume-weighted average price by the value comprises to adjust the enhanced volume-weighted average price towards the order price.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 ,
wherein the order price is less than the enhanced volume-weighted average price, thereby making the value equivalent to a negative value; and
wherein to adjust the enhanced volume-weighted average price by the value is equivalent to subtracting the value from the enhanced volume-weighted average price.
16. The apparatus of claim 14 ,
wherein the order price is greater than the enhanced volume-weighted average price, thereby making the value equivalent to a positive value; and
wherein to adjust the enhanced volume-weighted average price by the value is equivalent to adding the value to the enhanced volume-weighted average price.
17. The apparatus of claim 11 ,
wherein the program, when executed by the at least one processor, further directs the at least one processor to:
based on a bid-offer spread for the financial instrument, determine a stating value for an enhanced volume-weighted average price for the financial instrument; and
wherein to calculate the enhanced volume-weighted average price comprises to calculate the enhanced volume-weighted average price based at least in part on the staffing value.
18. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein an effect of the value to adjust the enhanced volume-weighted average price decreases a greater the difference between the order price and the enhanced volume-weighted average price.
19. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein to calculate the another enhanced volume-weighted average price comprises to calculate the another enhanced volume-weighted average price based at least on order price of the order data but not on the order size of the order data.
20. The apparatus of claim 11 ,
wherein the program, when executed by the at least one processor, further directs the at least one processor to determine that the order price of the order data is within a predetermined price range; and
wherein to calculate the another enhanced volume-weighted average price comprises to:
based at least in part on determining that the order price is within the predetermined price range, calculate the another enhanced volume-weighted average price based at least in part on the order data.
21. The method of claim 1 ,
wherein calculating the enhanced volume-weighted average price comprises calculating the enhanced volume-weighted average price when the trade data is received; and
wherein calculating the another enhanced volume-weighted average price comprises calculating the another enhanced volume-weighted average price when the order data is received.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein calculating the value further comprises calculating the value based at least on (1) the total-trade-size, (2) the difference between the order price and the enhanced volume-weighted average price, and (3) the order size.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the value is based at least in part on an intermediate value that is equivalent to the difference times the order size and divided by the total-trade-size.
24. The method of claim 23 ,
wherein the value is further based at least in part on another intermediate value that is equivalent to a constant scaling factor times an absolute value of the difference between the order price and the enhanced volume-weighted average price; and
wherein an effect of the value to adjust the enhanced volume-weighted average price:
increases with an increase in size of the intermediate value, and
decreases with an increase in size of the another intermediate value.
25. The apparatus of claim 11 ,
wherein to calculate the enhanced volume-weighted average price comprises to calculate the enhanced volume-weighted average price when the trade data is received; and
wherein to calculate the another enhanced volume-weighted average price comprises to calculate the another enhanced volume-weighted average price when the order data is received.
26. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein to calculate the value further comprises to calculate the value based at least on (1) the total-trade-size, (2) the difference between the order price and the enhanced volume-weighted average price, and (3) the order size.
27. The apparatus of claim 26 , wherein the value is based at least in part on an intermediate value that is equivalent to the difference times the order size and divided by the total-trade-size.
28. The apparatus of claim 27 ,
wherein the value is further based at least in part on another intermediate value that is equivalent to a constant scaling factor times an absolute value of the difference between the order price and the enhanced volume-weighted average price; and
wherein an effect of the value to adjust the enhanced volume-weighted average price:
increases with an increase in size of the intermediate value, and
decreases with an increase in size of the another intermediate value.