Use of ID4 for diagnosis and treatment of cancer
The invention relates to a method of determining whether a human subject is suffering from or at risk for developing pancreatic cancer by determining the methylation level of an ID4 gene promoter or the expression level of an ID4 gene in a biological sample from a human subject. Also disclosed are a method of analyzing the methylation level of an ID4 gene promoter or the expression level of an ID4 gene in a pancreatic cancer cell, and a method of inhibiting the methylation of an ID4 gene promoter or enhancing the expression of an ID4 gene by contacting a pancreatic cancer cell with a compound that decreases the methylation level of an ID4 gene promoter or increases the expression level of an ID4 gene in the cell.
1. A method of determining whether a human subject is suffering from or at risk for developing pancreatic cancer, comprising:
obtaining a pancreatic tumor tissue sample from the human subject;
measuring a methylation level of an ID4 (inhibitor of DNA binding 4) gene promoter or an expression level of an ID4 gene; and
determining that the human subject is likely to be suffering from or at risk for developing pancreatic cancer when the methylation level of the ID4 gene promoter is higher than a control methylation level or the expression level of an ID4 gene in the sample is lower than a control expression level.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pancreatic cancer is primary or metastatic pancreatic cancer.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the methylation level of the ID4 gene promoter is determined by quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) or bisulfite sequencing.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the expression level of the ID4 gene is determined at an mRNA level or a protein level.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the expression level of the ID4 gene is determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or immunohistochemistry (IHC).
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pancreatic tumor tissue sample is a primary pancreatic tumor tissue sample or a metastatic tumor tissue sample.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pancreatic tumor tissue sample is a normal or benign tumor tissue sample.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pancreatic tumor tissue sample is selected from the group consisting of a freshly prepared tumor tissue sample, a frozen tumor tissue sample and a paraffin-embedded tumor tissue sample.
9. A method for diagnosing a migratory or invasive phenotype of a pancreatic tumor in a human subject, comprising:
obtaining a pancreatic tumor tissue sample from the human subject;
measuring a methylation level of an ID4 (inhibitor of DNA binding 4) gene promoter or an expression level of an ID4 gene; and
determining that the pancreatic tumor is likely to be migratory or invasive when the methylation level of the ID4 gene promoter is higher than a control methylation level or the expression level of an ID4 gene in the sample is lower than a control expression level.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the pancreatic tumor tissue sample is a primary pancreatic tumor tissue sample or a metastatic tumor tissue sample.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the pancreatic tumor tissue sample is a normal or benign tumor tissue sample.
12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the pancreatic tumor tissue sample is selected from the group consisting of a freshly prepared tumor tissue sample, a frozen tumor tissue sample and a paraffin-embedded tumor tissue sample.
13. The method of claim 9 , wherein the methylation level of the ID4 gene promoter is determined by quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) or bisulfite sequencing.
14. The method of claim 9 , wherein the expression level of the ID4 gene is determined at an mRNA level or a protein level.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the expression level of the ID4 gene is determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry (IHC).
16. The method of claim 9 wherein a diagnosis of a migratory or invasive phenotype indicates that the pancreatic tumor has likely metastasized or will likely metastasize.
17. A method for determining a migratory or invasive pancreatic cancer cell phenotype, comprising:
obtaining a pancreatic cancer cell from a pancreatic cell culture or a pancreatic tumor tissue from a subject having pancreatic cancer;
measuring a methylation level of an ID4 (inhibitor of DNA binding 4) gene promoter or an expression level of an ID4 gene; and
determining that the pancreatic cancer cell is likely to be migratory or invasive when the methylation level of the ID4 gene promoter is higher than a control methylation level or the expression level of an ID4 gene in the sample is lower than a control expression level.
18. The method of claim 9 , further comprising analyzing the pancreatic cell's effects on chemotaxis and/or angiogenesis; and
determining that the pancreatic cancer cell is likely to be migratory or invasive when the pancreatic cancer cell shows an effect of increased chemotaxis and/or angiogenesis.
19. The method of claim 17 wherein the expression level of the ID4 gene is determined at an mRNA level or a protein level.
20. The method of claim 17 wherein when the determination of a migratory or invasive cellular phenotype indicates that the pancreatic cancer cell has likely metastasized or will likely metastasize.