Reverse osmosis membranes
An interfacial polymerization process (IFP) for preparing a highly permeable TFC RO membrane by contacting on a porous support membrane for IFP, a polyfunctional acyl halide monomer and a polyamine monomer and recovering a highly permeable thin film (TFC) reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. At least one of solutions may contain nanoparticle additives which may release ions into solution and at least one of the solutions may contain additional ions from a second additive. The presence of the nanoparticle additives during IFP may increase the hydrophilicity and/or permeability of the recovered membrane compared to a control membrane. The presence of the additional ions from the second additive may also increase the permeability of the recovered membrane.
1. A process for preparing a reverse osmosis membrane, comprising:
(A) providing a polyamine, a polyfunctional acid halide, a flux increasing additive selected from the group consisting of a beta-diketonate, a fluorinated beta-diketonate and combinations thereof, and nanoparticles;
(B) combining the polyamine, polyfunctional acid halide, flux increasing additive, and nanoparticles on the surface of a porous support membrane; and
(C) interfacially polymerizing the polyamine and the polyfunctional acid halide on the surface of the porous support membrane to form a reverse osmosis membrane comprising (i) the porous support membrane and (ii) a discrimination layer comprising a polyamide and the nanoparticles,
wherein the reverse osmosis membrane is characterized by a flux that is greater than the flux of the same membrane prepared in the absence of the flux increasing additive.
2. A process according to claim 1 wherein the polyamine is selected from the group consisting of diaminobenzene, triaminobenzene, m-phenylene diamine, p-phenylene diamine, 1,3,5-diaminobenzoic acid, 2,4-diaminotoluene, 2,4-diaminoanisole, xylylene-diamine, ethylenediamine, propylenediamine, piperazine, and tris(2-diaminoethyl)amine.
3. A process according to claim 1 wherein the polyfunctional acid halide is selected from the group consisting of trimesoyl chloride, trimellitic acid chloride, isophthaloyl chloride, and terephthaloyl chloride.
4. A process according to claim 1 wherein the beta-diketonate or fluorinated beta-diketonate is an acetylacetonate or fluorinated acetylacetonate.
5. A process according to claim 1 wherein the beta-diketonate or fluorinated beta-diketonate is combined with a central metal atom selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metals and alkaline earth metal ions.
6. A process according to claim 1 wherein the porous support membrane comprises nanoparticles.
7. A process according to claim 1 wherein the nanoparticles comprise zeolites.
8. A process according to claim 1 wherein the nanoparticles comprises carbon nanotubes.
9. A process for preparing a reverse osmosis membrane, comprising:
(A) providing a polyamine, a polyfunctional acid halide, and a flux increasing additive selected from the group consisting of a beta-diketonate, a fluorinated beta-diketonate, and combinations thereof;
(B) combining the polyamine, polyfunctional acid halide, and flux increasing additive on the surface of a porous support membrane; and
(C) interfacially polymerizing the polyamine and the polyfunctional acyl halide on the surface of the porous support membrane to form a reverse osmosis membrane comprising (i) the porous support membrane and (ii) a discrimination layer comprising a polyamide,
wherein the reverse osmosis membrane is characterized by a flux that is greater than the flux of the same membrane prepared in the absence of the flux increasing additive.
10. A process according to claim 9 wherein the beta-ketonate or fluorinated beta-diketonate is combine with a central metal atom selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metals and alkaline earth metal ions.
11. A process according to claim 9 wherein the beta-diketonate or fluorinated betas-diketonate is an acetylacetonate or fluorinated acetylacetonate.
12. A reverse osmosis membrane prepared according to the process of any of claim 1 or 9 .
13. A reverse osmosis membrane according to claim 12 wherein the membrane is capable of exhibiting a flux of at least 30 gfd, determined by exposing the membrane to deionized water containing 32,000 ppm NaCl at a temperature of 25° C. and a pressure of 800 psi.
14. A reverse osmosis membrane according to claim 12 wherein the membrane is capable of exhibiting a salt rejection of at least 99.5%, determined by exposing the membrane to deionized water containing 32,000 ppm NaCl at a temperature of 25° C. and a pressure of 800 psi.
15. A method of purifying brackish water or seawater comprising contacting the brackish water or seawater with a reverse osmosis membrane according to claim 12 .