Methods of optimizing spur-free dynamic range or gain in electro-absorption modulators
Exemplary methods of maximizing a spur-free dynamic range (SFDR) or a gain of an electro-absorption modulator (EAM) are disclosed. At least one parameter in a set of design parameters for an EAM is varied. An SFDR of the EAM is determined in part by a first set of design parameters. A gain of the EAM is determined in part by a second set of design parameters. An output versus bias voltage transfer curve of the EAM is generated. An optimal SFDR bias voltage at which a maximum SFDR occurs for a given optical input power or an optimal gain bias voltage at which a maximum gain occurs for a given optical input power is programmatically determined based at least in part on the transfer curve.
1. A method of maximizing a spur-free dynamic range (SFDR) or a gain of an electro-absorption modulator (EAM), the method comprising:
varying at least one parameter in a set of design parameters for an EAM, wherein an SFDR of the EAM is determined in part by a first set of design parameters, or a gain of the EAM is determined in part by a second set of design parameters;
generating an output versus bias voltage transfer curve of the EAM; and
programmatically determining an optimal SFDR bias voltage at which a maximum SFDR occurs for a given optical input power or an optimal gain bias voltage at which a maximum gain occurs for a given optical input power based at least in part on the transfer curve.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the varying comprises changing the thickness of a waveguide layer of the EAM.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the varying comprises changing an overall distance between two optically confining layers of the EAM.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the varying comprises changing the thickness of an electroabsorption layer of the EAM.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the varying comprises circularizing an optical mode so as to improve a coupling of the optical mode into input and output optical fibers.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the varying comprises increasing a size of an optical mode so as to increase optical power handling capability of the EAM.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the varying comprises changing an optical input power.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the programmatically determining comprises programmatically determining an optimal SFDR bias voltage, without programmatically determining an optimal gain bias voltage.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the programmatically determining the optimal SFDR bias voltage comprises:
fitting the transfer curve with a model function;
taking a third order derivative and a fifth order derivative of the fitted model function, and
finding a bias voltage at which a sum of functions of the third order derivative and the fifth order derivative is at a minimum.
10. The method of claim 8 further comprising simulating a plurality of output versus input response curves based at least in part on the transfer curve, wherein the plurality of response curves comprise a fundamental response curve, a third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD) curve, and a fifth-order IMD curve.
11. The method of claim 10 further comprising evaluating the maximum SFDR based at least in part on the plurality of simulated response curves.
12. The method of claim 10 further comprising confirming the plurality of simulated response curves via a two-tone measurement performed on the EAM biased at the optimal SFDR bias voltage.
13. The method of claim 8 further comprising repeating the varying, the generating and the programmatically determining steps for different sets of design parameters and choosing a particular set that yields a largest maximum SFDR.
14. An electro-absorption modulator (EAM) having the largest maximum SFDR according to the method of claim 13 .
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the programmatically determining comprises programmatically determining an optimal gain bias voltage, without programmatically determining an optimal SFDR bias voltage.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the programmatically determining the optimal gain bias voltage comprises:
fitting the transfer curve with a model function;
taking a first order derivative of the fitted model function, and
finding a bias voltage at which the first derivative is at a maximum.
17. The method of claim 15 further comprising simulating a plurality of output versus input response curves based at least in part on the transfer curve, wherein the plurality of response curves comprise a fundamental response curve, a first-order intermodulation distortion (IMD) curve, and a fifth-order IMD curve.
18. The method of claim 17 further comprising evaluating the maximum gain based at least in part on the plurality of simulated response curves.
19. The method of claim 17 further comprising repeating the varying, the generating and the programmatically determining steps for different sets of design parameters and choosing a particular set that yields a largest maximum gain.
20. The method of claim 1 further comprising building an EAM based on the set of design parameters.