Catalysts compositions for use in fuel cells
The present invention generally relates to the generation of electrical energy from a solid-state fuel. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a solid-oxide fuel cell for generating electrical energy from a carbon-based fuel, and to catalysts for use in a solid-oxide fuel cell.
1. A direct electrochemical oxidation fuel cell system for generating energy from a solid state organic fuel comprising:
a cathode provided with an electrochemical-reduction catalyst that promotes formation of oxygen ions from an oxygen-containing source at the cathode;
an anode chamber;
a solid-state anode within said anode chamber, the anode being provided with an electrochemical-oxidation catalyst, the anode being in contact with the solid state organic fuel such that the electrochemical-oxidation catalyst promotes direct electrochemical oxidation of the solid state organic fuel in the presence of the oxygen ions to produce electrical energy;
the anode catalyst being Ce oxide, Ce—Zr oxide, Ce—Y oxide, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Mn, Mo, Cr, V, Fe, Co, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt, Ir, Os, a perovskite or any combination thereof;
a solid-oxide electrolyte disposed to transmit the oxygen ions from the cathode to the anode with the electrolyte in continuous contact with the anode and cathode and with direct electrochemical oxidation of the solid state organic fuel occurring at the anode;
a means for feeding the solid state organic fuel to the anode chamber, the means for feeding including:
an isolation chamber,
an isolation chamber inlet valve positioned between a source of the solid state organic fuel and an inlet into said isolation chamber,
an isolation chamber exit valve positioned between the isolation chamber and the anode chamber,
an inlet purge valve separate and distinct from said isolation chamber inlet valve and communicating with said isolation chamber, and
an outlet purge valve separate and distinct from said isolation chamber exit valve and communicating with said isolation chamber, wherein the means for feeding is adapted to feed the solid state organic fuel to the anode chamber without the presence of air by:
(a) closing the isolation chamber exit valve and opening the isolation chamber inlet valve and advancing the solid state organic fuel to the anode chamber,
(b) closing the isolation chamber inlet valve to isolate the solid state organic fuel in the isolation chamber,
(c) opening the inlet purge valve and the outlet purge valve and purging the isolation chamber of air,
(d) closing the inlet purge valve and the outlet purge valve,
(e) opening the isolation chamber outlet valve and advancing the solid state organic fuel to the anode chamber;
a means for removing waste;
a means for securing the anode, electrolyte and cathode; and
a means for drawing off electricity.
2. The fuel cell system of claim 1 wherein the perovskite is (La 1-x Sr x ) 0.9 Cr 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 3-δ , Sr 2 Mg 1-x Mn x MoO 6-δ , Ba 1-x Sr x Co 1-y Fe y O 3-δ , or La 1-x A x Co 1-y Fe y O 3-δ with:
A being Sr, Ba, or Ca;
X and Y being a value between 0.0 and 1.0; and
δ being a value less than 1.0.
3. The fuel cell system of claim 1 wherein the cathode is La 1-x Sr x MnO 3-δ , La 1-x Ca x MnO 3 , La 1-x Sr x FeO 3 , La 1-x Sr x CoO 3 , La 1-x Sr x Co 1-y Ni y O 3-δ , La 1-x Sr x Co 1-y Fe y O 3-δ , La 1-x Sr x Ni 1-y Fe y O 3-δ , SrFe x Co y O 3-δ , Sm 0.5 Sr 0.5 CoO 3 , La 2 NiO 4 or YBa 2 Cu 3 O 3-δ with:
X and Y are between 0.0 and 1.0; and
δ is less than 1.0.
4. The fuel cell system of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte is (ZrO 2 ) 0.92 (Y 2 O 3 ) 0.08 , (Bi 2 O 7 ) 0.7S (Y 2 O 3 ) 0.25 , (La 2 O 3 ) 0.95 (SrO) 0.05 , BaTh 0.9 Gd 0.1 O 3 , La 0.8 Sr 0.2 Ga 0.8 Mg 0.2 O 3 , (Ce 2 ) 0.8 (GdO 0.5 ) 0.2 , (ZrO 2 ) 0.9 (Sc 2 O 3 ) 0.1 , (ZrO 2 ) 0.9 (Y 2 O 3 ) 0.1 , or (ZrO 2 ) 0.87 (CaO) 0.13 .
5. The fuel cell system of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte is yttrium-stabilized zirconia or scandium stabilized zirconia.
6. The fuel cell system of claim 1 wherein the solid-state organic fuel is coke, coal, graphite, biomass, polymeric materials or any combination thereof.
7. The fuel cell system of claim 1 which is capable of operating between 450° C. and 900° C.
8. The fuel cell system of claim 1 where the means for securing the anode, electrolyte and cathode is a ceramic adhesive and a metal tube, metal framework, metal structure or metal plate and includes a current collector.
9. The fuel cell system of claim 8 wherein the current collector and the metal tube, metal framework, metal structure or metal plate are made from Fe and Cr as major components and C, Mn, P, S, Si, N, Ti and Al as minor components.
10. The fuel cell system of claim 1 further comprising:
an inlet port for providing gas to the cathode; and
an exit port for the removal of waste and/or byproducts.
11. The fuel cell system of claim 1 where the anode is Ni electroless plated with Cu, Au and/or Ag.
12. A fuel cell system comprising a stack of fuel cells as defined in claim 1 .