Multi-component intermetallic electrodes for lithium batteries
Multi-component intermetallic negative electrodes prepared by electrochemical deposition for non-aqueous lithium cells and batteries are disclosed. More specifically, the invention relates to composite intermetallic electrodes comprising two or more compounds containing metallic or metaloid elements, at least one element of which can react with lithium to form binary, ternary, quaternary or higher order compounds, these compounds being in combination with one or more other metals that are essentially inactive toward lithium and act predominantly, but not necessarily exclusively, to the electronic conductivity of, and as current collection agent for, the electrode. The invention relates more specifically to negative electrode materials that provide an operating potential between 0.05 and 2.0 V vs. metallic lithium.
1. A negative electrode for a non-aqueous lithium cell comprising a multi-component material electrochemically deposited directly on a porous metallic copper foam current collector substrate such that the multi-component material is in direct contact with the substrate, the multi-component material containing a first component that comprises at least one metallic or metalloid element that can react with lithium to form a binary, ternary, quaternary or higher order compound; and a second component comprising one or more additional metallic element that does not readily react with lithium; wherein the multi-component material comprises a combination of materials (a) a combination of Cu 6 Sn 5 and Sn, and (b) a combination of Cu 2 Sb and Sb.
2. The electrode of claim 1 , in which the multi-component material provides an operating potential of about 0.05 to about 2.0 V vs. metallic lithium.
3. The electrode of claim 1 , in which the electrochemically deposited components individually are crystalline to X-rays.
4. The electrode of claim 3 , in which the structures of the crystalline components are ordered.
5. The electrode of claim 3 , in which the structures of the crystalline components are partially disordered.
6. The electrode of claim 3 , in which the structures of the crystalline components are disordered.
7. The electrode of claim 1 , in which the electrochemically deposited components individually are poorly crystalline to X-rays.
8. The electrode of claim 7 , in which the structures of the poorly crystalline components are ordered.
9. The electrode of claim 7 , in which the structures of the poorly crystalline components are partially disordered.
10. The electrode of claim 7 , in which the structures of the poorly crystalline components are disordered.
11. The electrode of claim 1 , in which the electrochemically deposited components individually are amorphous to X-rays.
12. The electrode of claim 1 , in which the first and second components of the electrode material comprise primary particles, which on average, are less than about 1000 nm in size.
13. The electrode of claim 12 , in which the primary particles are, on average, less than about 500 nm in size.
14. The electrode of claim 12 , in which the primary particles are, on average, less than about 100 nm in size.
15. An electrochemical cell comprising the electrode of claim 1 , a positive electrode, and an electrolyte therebetween.
16. A battery comprising a plurality of electrochemical cells of claim 15 arranged in parallel, in series, or both.
17. A negative electrode for a non-aqueous lithium cell comprising a multi-component material electrochemically deposited directly on a porous copper foam current collector substrate such that the multi-component material is in direct contact with the substrate, the multi-component material comprising a combination of materials (a) a combination of Cu 6 Sn 5 and Sn, and (b) a combination of Cu 2 Sb and Sb.
18. An electrochemical cell comprising the electrode of claim 17 , a positive electrode, and an electrolyte therebetween.
19. A battery comprising a plurality of electrochemical cells of claim 18 arranged in parallel, in series, or both.