Systems and methods based on radiation induced heating or ignition of functionalized fullerenes
A method of irradiating a target region containing at least one fullerene comprising molecule promotes the heating or combustion of the target region. The heating method can be employed in a variety of applications including: selective targeting and destruction of cancer cells, detonation of explosives, ignition of a combustible mixture, photolithographic processes, and writing of optical storage media.
1. A method of localized heating within an article, comprising the steps of:
disposing a plurality of functionalized fullerenes selected from polyhydroxyl fullerenes, carboxy fullerenes, N-ethyl-polyamino-C60, [6,6] phenyl C60 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), fullerene hydride, N-methyl fulleropyrrolidine, or any combination thereof disposed in or on at least one target region comprising an organic gas, liquid or solid; an inorganic gas, liquid, or solid; a polymer or polymer composite; water, an aqueous solution or aqueous suspension; a nonaqueous solution or nonaqueous suspension; a metal or metal alloy; or a glass or ceramic; and
irradiating said functionalized fullerenes with electromagnetic radiation to convert said radiation to thermal energy wherein said thermal energy dissipates as a photoacoustic wave emanating from said functionalized fullerene comprising molecule; and
inducing a change in physical state or a chemical reaction in said target region by said photoacoustic wave wherein an article comprising said target region is altered.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said electromagnetic radiation ranges from 10 −12 m to 10 12 m in wavelength and comprises gamma rays, x-rays, extreme ultraviolet, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, radio wave or any combination thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said chemical reaction is combustion.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said article is a resist coating, wherein said chemical reaction is a chemical decomposition that forms negative features in said resist coating.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising a step of etching, wherein said article is a resist coating, wherein said chemical reaction allows: selective etching of said target regions with a solvent to form negative features from the surface of the coating or channels within said coating; or selective etching of non-target regions with a solvent to form positive features from said target region.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said target region comprises an interface in said article between a plurality of pieces of said article, wherein said change in physical state is melting and whereupon suspending said irradiation cools to form a weld between said pieces.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said target region is a surface or portion of a solder comprising said organic solid, said inorganic solid, said metal, said metal alloy, said polymer or said polymer composite, and wherein said change in physical state upon said irradiating is melting, and wherein upon suspending said irradiation said solder cools and resolidifies.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein said target region comprises a layer of an inorganic dye, an organic dye, or a metal alloy within said article that is a writable memory medium, wherein said change in physical state or said chemical reaction changes optical properties of said layer in said target region.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein said target region comprises a layer within said article that is a writable memory medium, wherein said chemical reaction is decomposition that alters optical properties within said article.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of delivering said functionalized fullerenes from a reservoir to said target region, wherein said target region contacts a combustion chamber containing a fuel-oxidizer mixture and wherein said chemical reaction is ignition and combustion of said fuel oxidizer mixture.
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising wherein said article is a fuel-oxidizer mixture within a combustion chamber, wherein said functionalized fullerenes are dissolved or suspended in at least a portion of a fuel for said fuel-oxidizer mixture prior to introduction of said portion of said fuel to said article within said combustion chamber and wherein said chemical reaction is ignition and combustion of said article.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein said article comprises an explosive material, wherein said chemical reaction is an explosion.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein said article resident in a tube and wherein said chemical reaction is combustion to form combustion gases that are directed out of one end of said tube to provide a thrust, whereby said tube acts as a thruster.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein said change in physical state or chemical reaction forms a gas or a liquid with a division of said article at said target region.