Proppants and anti-flowback additives made from sillimanite minerals, methods of manufacture, and methods of use
Spherical and rod-shaped proppants and anti-flowback agents made from sillimanite minerals possess high strength and high conductivity. The sillimanite minerals may be selected from the group consisting of kyanite, sillimanite, and andalusite and may be used alone or in combination with other materials, such as bauxite, kaolin, meta-kaolin, pure or technical grade alumina (about 98%-99.9% alumina by weight), alumina-containing slag, zirconia, silica, iron, alkali elements (such as calcium, magnesium, and sodium), and virtually any other mineral containing alumina. The starting material may optionally be milled to achieve better compacity and crush resistance in the final proppant or anti-flowback agent. A fracturing fluid may comprise the rods or spheres alone, or in combination with each other or other proppants or anti-flowback agents of different shapes.
1. A proppant or anti-flowback additive comprising mullite and silica wherein the mullite crystals are substantially parallel, wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive has a bulk density of about 0.5 g/cm 3 to about 2.5 g/cm 3 .
2. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 1 wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive comprises a plurality of particles, and wherein at least one of the particles is rod-shaped.
3. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 2 wherein a majority of the particles are rod-shaped.
4. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 2 wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive is cylindrical.
5. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 2 wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive has a circular cross-section.
6. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 1 wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive has an apparent specific gravity less than about 4.2.
7. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 6 wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive has an apparent specific gravity of about 2.0 to about 4.2.
8. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 1 wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive has a bulk density of about 1.2 g/cm 3 to about 1.9 g/cm 3 .
9. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 1 wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive comprises a plurality of particles, and wherein at least one of the particles is substantially spherical.
10. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 9 wherein a majority of the particles are substantially spherical.
11. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 1 wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive has a crush strength of at least about 200 MPa.
12. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 11 wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive has a crush strength of at least about 250 MPa.
13. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 1 wherein at least a portion of the silica is within the mullite crystal.
14. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 1 further comprising a composition selected the group consisting of sintered bauxite, sintered kaolin, sintered meta-kaolin, sintered pure or technical grade alumina, sintered alumina-containing slag, and sintered zirconia.
15. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 1 wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive comprises rod-shaped particles and substantially spherical particles.
16. A proppant or anti-flowback additive comprising mullite and silica wherein the mullite crystals are substantially parallel, wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive has an apparent specific gravity ranging from 2.6 to about 4.2.
17. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 16 wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive comprises a plurality of particles, and wherein at least one of the particles is rod-shaped.
18. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 17 wherein a majority of the particles are rod-shaped.
19. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 17 wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive is cylindrical.
20. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 17 wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive has a circular cross-section.
21. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 16 wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive has a bulk density of about 0.5 g/cm 3 to about 2.5 g/cnn 3 .
22. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 21 wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive has a bulk density of about 1.2 g/cm 3 to about 1.9 g/cm 3 .
23. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 16 wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive comprises a plurality of particles, and wherein at least one of the particles is substantially spherical.
24. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 23 wherein a majority of the particles are substantially spherical.
25. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 16 wherein at least a portion of the silica is within the mullite crystal.
26. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 16 further comprising a composition selected the group consisting of sintered bauxite, sintered kaolin, sintered meta-kaolin, sintered pure or technical grade alumina, sintered alumina-containing slag, and sintered zirconia.
27. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 16 wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive comprises rod-shaped particles and substantially spherical particles.
28. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 16 wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive has a crush strength of at least about 200 MPa.
29. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 28 wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive has a crush strength of at least about 250 MPa.