Optically responsive and mechanically tunable colloid-in-liquid crystal gels
Colloidal liquid crystal gels (CLCGs), sensors incorporating the CLCGs, culture substrates made from the CLCGs, and patterned films and molded articles made from the CLCGs are provided. The CLCGs are composite liquid crystal materials comprising networks of particles having liquid crystal domains dispersed therein.
1. A colloidal liquid crystal gel comprising:
a plurality of particles; and
a liquid crystal;
wherein the plurality of particles are in the form of a network of particles and the liquid crystal comprises a plurality of liquid crystal domains dispersed in the network of particles, the liquid crystal domains being surrounded and separated by domain boundaries formed by the particles in the network of particles;
wherein the gel is in the form of a layer having a first surface and a second surface disposed opposite the first surface, and further wherein at least some of the liquid crystal domains extend through the layer from the first surface to the second surface.
2. The gel of claim 1 , wherein the particles comprise polystyrene.
3. The gel of claim 1 , wherein the gel has a storage modulus of at least about 1 kPa at 37° C.
4. The gel of claim 1 , wherein the layer has a thickness of no greater than about 200 μm.
5. The gel of claim 1 , wherein the gel is in the form of a layer disposed on a mesogen-aligning surface of a substrate.
6. The gel of claim 5 , wherein the mesogen-aligning surface of the substrate is a chemically patterned surface which produces a pattern in the liquid crystal domains.
7. The gel of claim 1 , further comprising one or more recognition moieties associated with the gel and configured to interact with an analyte, thereby causing a detectable change in one or more of the liquid crystal domains.
8. The gel of claim 7 , wherein the recognition moieties are selected from the group consisting of peptides, oligonucleotides, oligopeptides, metal salts, lipids, phospholipids, glycolipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
9. The gel of claim 5 , wherein the mesogen-aligning surface comprises a metal salt-functionalized surface.
10. The gel of claim 1 , wherein the particles are free of solvent-based impurities.
11. A cell culture substrate comprising:
(a) colloidal liquid crystal gel comprising:
a plurality of particles; and
a liquid crystal;
wherein the plurality of particles are in the form of a network of particles and the liquid crystal comprises a plurality of liquid crystal domains dispersed in the network of particles, the liquid crystal domains being surrounded and separated by domain boundaries formed by the particles in the network of particles; and
(b) a film comprising a protein or a peptide disposed over the colloidal liquid crystal gel.
12. A colloidal liquid crystal gel comprising:
(a) a plurality of particles; and
(b) a liquid crystal;
wherein the plurality of particles are in the form of a network of particles and the liquid crystal comprises a plurality of liquid crystal domains dispersed in the network of particles, the liquid crystal domains being surrounded and separated by domain boundaries formed by the particles in the network of particles; the colloidal liquid crystal gel having a first surface in contact with an aqueous solution to provide a liquid crystal-aqueous interface and a second surface disposed opposite the first surface and in contact with a solid substrate to provide a liquid crystal-solid interface; and
(c) a plurality of recognition moieties associated with the liquid crystal-aqueous interface and a plurality of recognition moieties associated with the liquid crystal-solid interface.
13. The gel of claim 1 , wherein the particles are spherical particles and the average diameter of the particles in the plurality of particles is no greater than about 5 μm.
14. The gel of claim 13 , wherein the particles are selected from the group consisting of polystyrene particles, polymethylmethacrylate particles, clay particles, silica particles and cellulose particles.