Method for producing polyhydroxyalkanoic acid
Embodiments of the invention relate to the microbial production of polyhydroxyalkanoic acids, or polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), from substrates which cannot be used as a source of carbon and/or energy for microbial growth or PHA synthesis and which have microbial and environmental toxicity. According to one embodiment of the invention, a process for the production of PHA is provided wherein an enzyme such as methane monooxygenase is used to convert volatile organic compounds into PHA through the use of microorganisms that are unable to use volatile organic compounds as a source of carbon for growth or PHA production.
1. A process for causing the intracellular synthesis of a polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) material from one or more volatile organic compounds (VOCs), comprising:
a) providing one or more non-methane VOCs;
b) providing one or more first microorganisms capable of metabolizing said one or more VOCs to produce a metabolized compound, wherein said first microorganisms are also capable of metabolizing methane;
c) providing one or more second microorganisms capable of incorporating a carbon contained within said metabolized compound into a PHA material, wherein said second microorganisms are non-methanotrophic PHA-synthesizing microorganisms;
d) providing a growth-culture medium that regulates the metabolism of said one or more first microorganisms and said one or more second microorganisms;
e) exposing said one or more first microorganisms in said growth-culture medium to said one or more VOCs, thereby causing or allowing said one or more first microorganisms to convert said one or more VOCs into said metabolized compound;
f) increasing the availability of copper and/or iron to said one or more first microorganisms to cause said one or more first microorganisms to produce particulate methane monooxygenase;
g) contacting said metabolized compound with said second microorganisms; and
h) manipulating said growth-culture medium to cause or allow said one or more second microorganisms to use said carbon contained within said metabolized compound for the intracellular synthesis of said PHA material.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising exposing said one or more first microorganisms to methane prior to, while, and/or after exposing said one or more first microorganisms to said VOCs to encourage growth of said first microorganisms.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said one or more VOCs are obtained from one or more of the following sources: landfill, wastewater treatment system, coal mine, natural gas system, agricultural waste management system, and ruminant animal operation.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said one or more VOCs are selected from the group consisting of one or more of the following compounds: vinyl chloride, benzene, butane, trichloroethylene, toluene, ethylbenzene, dichloromethane, trichloromethane, ethane, 1-2-dichloroethane, 1, 1-dichloroethylene, chlorodifluoromethane, xylene, acetone, and formaldehyde.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said one or more first microorganisms comprise one or more methane monooxygenases (MMOs), and wherein said one or more VOCs inhibit the growth of said first microorganisms by temporarily or permanently deactivating said one or more MMOs.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said one or more VOCs inhibit the growth of said first microorganisms by temporarily or permanently reducing or inhibiting the ability of said first microorganisms to metabolize methane.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said one or more first microorganisms comprise a naturally-occurring or genetically-engineered microorganism capable of metabolizing said one or more VOCs.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein said one or more first microorganisms metabolize said one or more VOCs using methane monooxygenase.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein said one or more first microorganisms are selected from one or more genera selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus, Mycobacterium, Actinomyces, Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Methanomonas, Protaminobacter, Methylococcus, Arthrobacter, Methylomonas, Brevibacterium, Acetobacter, Methylomonas, Brevibacterium, Micrococcus, Rhodopseudomonas, Corynebacterium, Rhodopseudomonas, Microbacterium, Achromobacter, Methylobacter, Methylosinus , and Methylocystis.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein said one or more second microorganisms comprise a naturally-occurring or genetically-engineered microorganism capable of using carbon from said metabolized compound to produce said PHA material.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein said one or more second microorganisms are selected from one or more genera selected from the group consisting of: Alcaligenes, Acidovorax, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Rhizobium , and Rhodobacter.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein said growth-culture medium comprises one or more of the following: potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen, magnesium, sulfate, iron, cobalt, copper, oxygen, methane, VOCs, zinc, sodium, nickel, manganese, boron, and water.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein manipulating said growth-culture medium to cause or allow said one or more second microorganisms to produce said PHA material comprises adjusting the availability of an essential growth nutrient.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein said nutrient is oxygen.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein manipulating said growth-culture medium to cause or allow said one or more second microorganisms to produce said PHA material comprises reducing the concentration of one or more of the following selected from the group consisting of: iron, oxygen, nitrogen, magnesium, potassium, and phosphate.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein said PHA material comprises at least one carbon molecule derived from said metabolized compound, wherein said metabolized compound is the metabolized form of said one or more VOCs.
17. The method of claim 1 , further comprising harvesting said intracellular PHA material, thereby generating harvested PHA, wherein harvesting comprises removing said PHA material from non-PHA material.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mass of PHA material produced is about 5-80% of the mass of said second microorganisms used to produce said PHA material.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mass of PHA material produced is greater than 50% of the mass of said second microorganisms used to produce said PHA material.
20. The method of claim 1 , further comprising altering the concentration of one or more compounds within said growth culture medium to alter the substrate specificity of the methane monooxygenase.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein said one or more compounds comprises iron.