Self-cleaning and mixing microfluidic elements
Apparatus and methods are disclosed for mixing and self-cleaning elements in microfluidic systems based on electrothermally induced fluid flow. The apparatus and methods provide for the control of fluid flow in and between components in a microfluidic system to cause the removal of unwanted liquids and particulates or mixing of liquids. The geometry and position of electrodes is adjusted to generate a temperature gradient in the liquid, thereby causing a non-uniform distribution of dielectric properties within the liquid. The dielectric non-uniformity produces a body force and flow in the solution, which is controlled by element and electrode geometries, electrode placement, and the frequency and waveform of the applied voltage.
1. A self-cleaning or mixing element for a microdevice comprising:
a) a first component in fluid communication with an adjoining second component and
b) at least one pair of electrically coupled electrodes wherein:
(i) the first electrode of the at least one electrode pair is located entirely on an interior surface of the first component,
(ii) the second electrode of the at least one electrode pair is located entirely on an interior surface of the second component different from said first component,
(iii) the interior surfaces of the two components on which the electrodes are located join to form a wedge region having an angle θ, and
(iv) the first and second components are microfluidic components independently selected from the group consisting of a cavity, a channel, a pump, a sensor, a separator, a pre-concentrator, a reaction chamber, an interconnector, and a mixer.
2. The self-cleaning or mixing element of claim 1 , wherein the angle θ is 90 or 270 degrees.
3. The self cleaning element of claim 1 , and further comprising a second pair of electrically coupled electrodes wherein:
(i) the first electrode of the second electrode pair is located entirely on an interior surface of the first component,
(ii) the second electrode of the second electrode pair is located entirely on an interior surface of the second component or a third component adjoining the first component, and
(iii) the interior surfaces of the first and second or first and third components on which the electrodes are located join to form a wedge region having an angle θ.
4. The self-cleaning element of claim 1 , wherein the first and second components have cross-sectional geometries selected form the group consisting of a square, a rectangle, a circle, a semicircle, a trapezoid, a triangle, and an ellipse.
5. The self-cleaning or mixing element of claim 1 , and further comprising a power supply electrically coupled to the at least one pair of electrically coupled electrodes and configured to energize the electrodes so as to induce electrothermal flow in the liquid.
6. A self cleaning microfluidic device comprising the self-cleaning or mixing element of claim 1 .
7. A method for cleaning one or more components in a microfluidic device comprising:
applying a controlled electric field to at least one pair of electrically coupled electrodes to produce electrothermal flow within a liquid in at least one of adjoining first and second components wherein:
(i) the first electrode of the at least one electrode pair is located entirely on an interior surface of the first component,
(ii) the second electrode of the at least one electrode pair is located entirely on an interior surface of the second component,
(iii) the interior surfaces of the first and second components on which the electrodes are located join to form a wedge region having an angle θ,
(iv) one or more buffer solutions are present the first and second components, and
(v) said first and second components contain said liquid and are microfluidic components independently selected from the group consisting of a cavity, a channel, a pump, a sensor, a separator, a pre-concentrator, a reaction chamber, an interconnector, and a mixer.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the controlled electric field is applied as a time varying, constant direct current or an alternating current.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the constant direct current or alternating current is characterized by the magnitude and frequency of the applied voltage, and has a waveform that is one, or a combination of, sinusoidal, square, pulse, or saw-toothed.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the first and second components have cross-sectional geometries selected form the group consisting of a square, a rectangle, a circle, a semicircle, a trapezoid, a triangle, and an ellipse.
11. The method of claim 7 , wherein said applying a controlled electric field is repeated to turn electrothermal flow on and off.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein said repeated applying of a controlled electric field so as to reverse the direction of electrothermal fluid flow.