Method of producing nanopatterned articles using surface-reconstructed block copolymer films

1. A method of preparing a nanopatterned surface, comprising:

forming a block copolymer film on a substrate; wherein the block copolymer film has a thickness and comprises a major phase and a minor phase; and wherein the minor phase comprises cylindrical domains extending through the thickness of the block copolymer film;

annealing the block copolymer film in an annealing solvent vapor to form an annealed block copolymer film;

surface reconstructing the annealed block copolymer film to form a surface-reconstructed block copolymer film; wherein the surface-reconstructed block copolymer film comprises

a major phase layer comprising the major phase and being in contact with a surface of the substrate, and

a minor phase layer comprising the minor phase and being in contact with a surface of the major phase layer opposite the substrate;

wherein the surface-reconstructed block copolymer film defines an array of cylindrical pores; and wherein the surface reconstructing the annealed block copolymer film comprises immersing the annealed block copolymer film in a solvent comprising a C 1 -C 3 alkanol;

depositing a metal on the surface reconstructed block copolymer film to form a metal-coated block copolymer film comprising a metal layer contacting the minor phase layer on a surface of the minor phase layer opposite the major phase layer; and

heating the metal-coated block copolymer film to form a redistributed metal-coated block copolymer film in which at least a portion of the metal has been transferred into the cylindrical pores.

2. The method of claim 1 ,

wherein the metal layer has a thickness of about 0.15 to about 0.5 nanometers; and

wherein the heating the metal-coated block copolymer film comprises heating at about 105 to about 125° C. for about 5 to about 20 minutes, thereby redistributing the minor phase layer and the metal layer into the cylindrical pores to form metal nanodots in contact with the substrate.

3. The method of claim 1 ,

wherein the metal layer has a thickness of about 0.5 to about 5 nanometers; and

wherein the heating the metal coated block copolymer film comprises heating at about 170 to about 190° C. for about 20 to about 40 minutes, thereby redistributing a portion of the metal layer from ring-shaped areas surrounding the cylindrical pores into the cylindrical pores.

4. The method of claim 1 ,

wherein the metal layer has a thickness of about 0.15 to about 0.5 nanometers; and

wherein the heating the metal coated block copolymer film comprises heating at about 105 to about 125° C. for about 5 to about 20 minutes, thereby redistributing the metal layer into the cylindrical pores to form nanodots in contact with the substrate; and

wherein the method further comprises etching through the redistributed metal-coated block copolymer film and into the substrate, thereby forming an etched substrate comprising pillars.

5. The method of claim 1 ,

wherein the metal layer has a thickness of about 0.5 to about 5 nanometers;

wherein the heating the metal coated block copolymer film comprises heating at about 170 to about 190° C. for about 20 to about 40 minutes, thereby redistributing a portion of the metal layer from a ring surrounding the cylindrical pores into the cylindrical pores; and

wherein the method further comprises

etching through the redistributed metal-coated block copolymer film and into the substrate; and

separating the etched, redistributed metal-coated block copolymer film from the etched substrate,

thereby forming an etched substrate comprising a surface defining nanoring-shaped voids.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises silicon.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cylindrical domains are separated by a nearest-neighbor distance of about 10 to about 100 nanometers.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the block copolymer comprises a first block having a first Hildebrand solubility parameter and a second block having a second Hildebrand solubility parameter, and wherein the first Hildebrand solubility parameter and the second Hildebrand solubility parameter differ by at least 0.4 megapascal 1/2 .

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the first block and the second block differ in number average molecular weight by at least a factor of 1.5.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the block copolymer is a polystyrene-poly(4-vinylpyridine) or polystyrene-poly(2-vinylpyridine) diblock copolymer.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the block copolymer is a polystyrene-poly(ethylene oxide) diblock copolymer.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the block copolymer film has a thickness of about 10 to about 100 nanometers.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the block copolymer is a polystyrene-poly(4-vinylpyridine) diblock copolymer, and wherein the C 1 -C 3 alkanol is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, and mixtures thereof.

14. A method of preparing a nanopatterned surface, comprising:

forming a block copolymer film on a substrate; wherein the block copolymer film has a thickness and comprises a major phase and a minor phase; and wherein the minor phase comprises cylindrical domains extending through the thickness of the block copolymer film; wherein the block copolymer film comprises a polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) diblock copolymer comprising a polystyrene block having a number average molecular weight of about 6,000 to about 30,000 atomic mass units and a poly(4-vinylpyridine) or poly(2-vinylpyridine) block having a number average molecular weight of about 2,000 to about 10,000 atomic mass units, wherein a ratio of the number average molecular weight of the polystyrene block to the number average molecular weight of the poly(4-vinylpyridine) or poly(2-vinylpyridine) block is about 2 to about 6;

annealing the block copolymer film in an annealing solvent vapor to form an annealed block copolymer film; wherein the annealing the block copolymer film comprises exposing the block copolymer film to an annealing solvent vapor comprising toluene and tetrahydrofuran;

surface reconstructing the annealed block copolymer film to form a surface-reconstructed block copolymer film; wherein the surface-reconstructed block copolymer film comprises

a major phase layer comprising the major phase and being in contact with a surface of the substrate, and

a minor phase layer comprising the minor phase and being in contact with a surface of the major phase layer opposite the substrate;

wherein the surface-reconstructed block copolymer film defines an array of cylindrical pores; and wherein the surface reconstructing the annealed block copolymer film comprises immersing the annealed block copolymer film in a solvent comprising a C 1 -C 3 alkanol;

depositing a metal on the surface reconstructed block copolymer film to form a metal-coated block copolymer film comprising a metal layer contacting the minor phase layer on a surface of the minor phase layer opposite the major phase layer; wherein the metal comprises gold;

wherein the metal layer has a thickness of about 0.15 to about 0.5 nanometers; and

heating the metal-coated block copolymer film to form a redistributed metal-coated block copolymer film in which at least a portion of the metal has been transferred into the cylindrical pores; wherein the heating the metal coated block copolymer film comprises heating at about 105 to about 125° C. for about 5 to about 20 minutes, thereby redistributing the minor phase and the metal layer into the cylindrical pores to form nanodots in contact with the substrate.

15. A method of preparing a nanopatterned surface, comprising:

forming a block copolymer film on a substrate; wherein the block copolymer film has a thickness and comprises a major phase and a minor phase; and wherein the minor phase comprises cylindrical domains extending through the thickness of the block copolymer film; wherein the block copolymer film comprises a polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) diblock copolymer comprising a polystyrene block having a number average molecular weight of about 6,000 to about 30,000 atomic mass units and a poly(4-vinylpyridine) or poly(2-vinylpyridine) block having a number average molecular weight of about 2,000 to about 10,000 atomic mass units, wherein a ratio of the number average molecular weight of the polystyrene block to the number average molecular weight of the poly(4-vinylpyridine) or poly(2-vinylpyridine) block is about 2 to about 6;

annealing the block copolymer film in an annealing solvent vapor to form an annealed block copolymer film; wherein the annealing the block copolymer film comprises exposing the block copolymer film to an annealing solvent vapor comprising toluene and tetrahydrofuran;

surface reconstructing the annealed block copolymer film to form a surface-reconstructed block copolymer film; wherein the surface-reconstructed block copolymer film comprises

a major phase layer comprising the major phase and being in contact with a surface of the substrate, and

a minor phase layer comprising the minor phase and being in contact with a surface of the major phase layer opposite the substrate;

wherein the surface-reconstructed block copolymer film defines an array of cylindrical pores; and wherein the surface reconstructing the annealed block copolymer film comprises immersing the annealed block copolymer film in a solvent comprising a C 1 -C 3 alkanol;

depositing a metal on the surface reconstructed block copolymer film to form a metal-coated block copolymer film comprising a metal layer contacting the minor phase layer on a surface of the minor phase layer opposite the major phase layer; wherein the metal comprises gold;

wherein the metal layer has a thickness of about 0.5 to about 5 nanometers; and

heating the metal-coated block copolymer film to form a redistributed metal-coated block copolymer film in which at least a portion of the metal has been transferred into the cylindrical pores; wherein the heating the metal coated block copolymer film comprises heating at about 170 to about 190° C. for about 20 to about 40 minutes, thereby redistributing a portion of the metal layer from ring-shaped areas surrounding the cylindrical pores into the cylindrical pores.

16. A method of preparing a nanopatterned surface, comprising:

forming a block copolymer film on a substrate; wherein the block copolymer film has a thickness and comprises a major phase and a minor phase; and wherein the minor phase comprises cylindrical domains extending through the thickness of the block copolymer film; wherein the block copolymer film comprises a polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) diblock copolymer comprising a polystyrene block having a number average molecular weight of about 6,000 to about 30,000 atomic mass units and a poly(4-vinylpyridine) or poly(2-vinylpyridine) block having a number average molecular weight of about 2,000 to about 10,000 atomic mass units, wherein a ratio of the number average molecular weight of the polystyrene block to the number average molecular weight of poly(4-vinylpyridine) or poly(2-vinylpyridine) block is about 2 to about 6;

annealing the block copolymer film in an annealing solvent vapor to form an annealed block copolymer film; wherein the annealing the block copolymer film comprises exposing the block copolymer film to an annealing solvent vapor comprising toluene and tetrahydrofuran;

surface reconstructing the annealed block copolymer film to form a surface-reconstructed block copolymer film; wherein the surface-reconstructed block copolymer film comprises

a major phase layer comprising the major phase and being in contact with a surface of the substrate, and

a minor phase layer comprising the minor phase and being in contact with a surface of the major phase layer opposite the substrate;

wherein the surface-reconstructed block copolymer film defines an array of cylindrical pores; and wherein the surface reconstructing the annealed block copolymer film comprises immersing the annealed block copolymer film in a solvent comprising a C 1 -C 3 alkanol;

depositing a metal on the surface reconstructed block copolymer film to form a metal-coated block copolymer film comprising a metal layer contacting the minor phase layer on a surface of the minor phase layer opposite the major phase layer;

heating the metal-coated block copolymer film to form a redistributed metal-coated block copolymer film in which at least a portion of the metal has been transferred into the cylindrical pores; wherein the heating the metal coated block copolymer film comprises heating at about 170 to about 190° C. for about 20 to about 40 minutes, thereby redistributing a portion of the metal layer from ring-shaped areas surrounding the cylindrical pores into the cylindrical pores;

etching the redistributed metal-coated block copolymer film;

depositing a second metal comprising chromium onto the etched, redistributed metal-coated block copolymer film, thereby forming nanorings comprising the second metal and contacting the substrate; and

separating the substrate and nanorings from the etched, redistributed metal-coated block copolymer film.