Non-linear electrical actuation and detection
A method and system is disclosed to detect and analyze an electric signal based on movement between an element and a counter electrode influenced by a nonlinear electric field produced by an electrical signal impressed between the element and counter electrode. Through detection of changes in the distance between the element and the counter electrode characteristics of the element and/or the environment of the element may be ascertained. Changes in the distance between the element and the counter electrode may be monitored based on changes in the value of capacitance between the element and counter electrode. The disclosed devices and methods may be employed to detect, for instance, presence of chemical/biological species in a sample or measure physical parameters of a sample such as pressure/acceleration, density, viscosity, magnetic force, temperature, and/or extremely small masses.
1. A method of determining characteristics within an environment, comprising:
providing an at least semi-conductive element;
locating a counter electrode a predetermined distance from the element such that the element and the counter electrode are in a non-contacting relationship;
locating the at least semi-conductive element and the counter electrode within an environment;
inducing an electrostatic force on the element by applying a first electrical signal, composed of an AC waveform and a DC component, between the counter electrode and the element, the AC waveform being applied in a pulsed ring-down mode having an on state and an off state, the element being allowed to freely oscillate in a non-linear field resulting from the DC component of the first electrical signal during the off state of the AC waveform;
generating a second electrical signal in response to changes in distance between the counter electrode and element based on movement influenced by the induced electrostatic force and the environment; and
examining the waveform of the second electrical signal during the off state of the AC waveform to analyze time dependent variations in frequency, amplitude, or phase of non-linear oscillations and their harmonics within the second electrical signal.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the element is a single-clamped or doubly clamped cantilever.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the element comprises a carbon-based nanostructure.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the second electrical signal is examined to ascertain characteristics of the element and its environment.
5. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising:
introducing one or more chemical species into the environment,
wherein the second electrical signal is examined to ascertain characteristics of the one or more chemical species.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the method is carried out at ambient conditions.
7. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising interacting a chemical species with the element, wherein said interaction changes a characteristic of the element.
8. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the interaction is adsorption of the species on to the element.
9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein examining the second electrical signal comprises examining the substantial entirety of the time domain waveform of the second electrical signal directly to analyze time dependant variations in frequency, amplitude, and phase of non-linear oscillations and their harmonics within the second electrical signal, or by comparing the time domain waveform with a computer simulation of the time domain waveform.
10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said second electrical signal is generated by the change in voltage produced by the oscillatory change in capacitance between the counter electrode and the element.
11. An electrical device comprising:
an at least semi-conductive element;
a counter electrode located a predetermined distance from the element such that the element and the counter electrode are in a non-contact mode;
a signal generator for applying a first electrical signal between the element and the counter electrode to induce an electrostatic force on the element, the first electrical signal composed of an AC waveform and a DC component, the AC waveform being applied in a pulsed ring-down mode having an on state and an off state, the element being allowed to freely oscillate in a non-linear field resulting from the DC component of the first electrical signal during the off state of the AC waveform; and
a signal processor for examining a second electrical signal generated based on changes in distance between the element and the counter electrode in response to the induced electrostatic force, and forces in the environment,
wherein the signal processor is configured to examine the waveform of the second electrical signal during the off state of the AC waveform to analyze time dependent variations in frequency, amplitude, or phase of non-linear oscillations and their harmonics within the second electrical signal.
12. The electrical device of claim 11 , wherein the element and the counter electrode are in a parallel arrangement.
13. The electrical device of claim 11 , wherein the element and the counter electrode are in a tip-to-tip arrangement.
14. The electrical device of claim 11 , wherein the element is a single-clamped cantilever.
15. The electrical device of claim 11 , wherein the element is a double-clamped beam.
16. The electrical device of claim 11 , wherein the element comprises a carbon-based nanostructure.
17. The electrical device of claim 11 , further comprising a stage for location of a species, wherein interaction of the species with the element alters characteristics of the element.
18. The electrical device of claim 11 , wherein the device is an atomic force microscope.
19. The electrical device of claim 11 , wherein the signal processor is configured to examine the second electrical signal by examining the substantial entirety of the time domain waveform of the second electrical signal directly to analyze time dependant variations in frequency, amplitude, and phase of non-linear oscillations and their harmonics within the second electrical signal, or by comparing the time domain waveform with a computer simulation of the time domain waveform.
20. The electrical device of claim 11 , wherein said second signal is generated by the change in voltage produced by the oscillatory change in capacitance between the counter electrode and the element.