Production of saturated ammonia storage materials
A process for saturating a material capable of binding ammonia by ad- or absorption and initially free of ammonia or partially saturated with ammonia comprises treating said material under a pressure and associated temperature located on the vapor pressure curve of ammonia with an amount of liquid ammonia sufficient to saturate said material and an additional amount of a cooling agent selected from liquid ammonia, liquid or solid CO 2 , hydrocarbons and hydrohalocarbons that have a higher vapor pressure than ammonia, ethyl ether, methyl formate, methyl amine and ethyl amine, such that |Q abs |≦|Q evap |+Q ext , wherein Q abs is the amount of heat released from said material when it absorbs ammonia from the liquid phase thereof to the point where it is saturated with ammonia, Q evap is the amount of heat absorbed by said cooling agent when it evaporates, and Q ext is the amount of heat exchanged with the surroundings and is positive, if heat is removed from the process by external cooling, and negative, if heat is added to the process from the surroundings.
1. A process for saturating a solid material capable of binding ammonia by ad- or absorption and initially free of ammonia or partially saturated with ammonia, wherein said process comprises treating said solid material under a pressure and associated temperature located on the vapor pressure curve of ammonia with an amount of liquid ammonia sufficient to saturate said solid material and an additional amount of a cooling agent selected from the group consisting of liquid ammonia, liquid or solid CO 2 , hydrocarbons and hydrohalocarbons that have a vapor pressure higher than ammonia, ethyl ether, methyl formate, methyl amine and ethyl amine in a reactor, such that |Q abs |≦|Q evap |+Q ext , wherein Q abs is the amount of heat released from said solid material when it absorbs ammonia from the liquid phase thereof to the point where it is saturated with ammonia, Q evap is the amount of heat absorbed by said cooling agent when it evaporates, and Q ext is the amount of heat exchanged with the surroundings and is positive, if heat is removed from the process by external cooling, and negative, if heat is added to the process from the surroundings.
2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said solid material capable of binding ammonia by absorption and initially free of ammonia or partially saturated with ammonia is a metal (ammine) salt having the general formula: M a (NH 3 ) r X z , wherein M is one or more cations selected from alkali metals such as Li, Na, K or Cs, alkaline earth metals such as Mg, Ca, Ba or Sr, and/or transition metals such as V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, or Zn or combinations thereof such as NaAl, KAl, K 2 Zn, CsCu, or K 2 Fe, X is one or more anions selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, thiocyanate, sulfate, molybdate, and phosphate ions, a is the number of cations per salt molecule, z is the number of anions per salt molecule, and r is zero or lower than the highest possible value of r for a specific metal (ammine) salt free of ammonia or partially saturated with ammonia; and wherein r and is the highest possible value of r, r max , for a specific metal (ammine) salt at the point where said metal (ammine) salt is saturated with ammonia.
3. The process of claim 2 , wherein the total amount of liquid ammonia m tot with which said metal (ammine) salt which is initially free of ammonia such that r is initially zero is treated, and which acts as a saturation agent and the cooling agent simultaneously, fulfills
m tot =m s +m s ( Ē a −E e )/ E e
wherein
m s is r max ·n, wherein n is the moles of salt present
E e is the evaporation enthalpy of ammonia, and
E
_
a
=
1
r
∑
1
r
E
i
,
wherein Ē a is the average molar binding energy of ammonia, in a metal (ammine) salt wherein r=r max and E i is the molar binding energy of ammonia in a metal (ammine) salt wherein r=r max of an individual ammonia molecule in a metal (ammine) salt, wherein r=r max , iεN with 1≦i≦r, and r=r max .
4. The process according to claim 2 , wherein the metal (ammine) salt free of ammonia is SrCl 2 , CaCl 2 , MgCl 2 or mixtures thereof.
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein Q ext =0.
6. The process according to claim 1 wherein the cooling agent is ammonia.
7. The process according to claim 6 , wherein the gaseous ammonia that results from the amount of liquid ammonia serving as a cooling agent by the evaporation thereof is liquefied and recycled into the treatment procedure.
8. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said liquid ammonia quantity is dosed at a rate higher than the maximum absorption rate.
9. The process according to claim 8 , wherein said liquid ammonia is dosed at a rate at least 10 times faster than the maximum absorption rate.
10. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said liquid ammonia is dosed at a rate similar to the maximum absorption rate.
11. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said solid material capable of binding ammonia and said liquid ammonia are actively mixed.
12. The process according to claim 1 , wherein at least parts of the process are conducted at a constant pressure.
13. The process according to claim 12 , wherein said pressure is of from 1 to 15 bar.
14. The process according to claim 13 , wherein said pressure is of from 4 to 10 bar.
15. The process according to claim 12 , wherein said pressure corresponds to an operating temperature which is ambient temperature.
16. The process according to claim 1 which is carried out as a batch process.
17. The process according to claim 1 which is carried out as a continuous process.