Method of controlling plant growth and architecture by controlling expression of gibberellin 2-oxidase
Novel gibberellin 2-oxidase (GA2ox) genes were identified. Differential expression of GA2ox genes correlated with flower development, seed germination, tiller growth and other developmental processes. In addition, the early and increased growth of tiller and adventitious root and altered root architecture caused by overexpression of GA2oxs further suggest the pleiotropic role of GA2oxs in controlling growth and architecture in plants such as rice. GA2ox5, GA2ox6 and GA2ox9 were three genes encoding class C20 GA2oxs in rice. Mutants or transgenic rice overexpressing class C20 GA2oxs exhibited a broad range of mutant phenotypes, including semi-dwarfism, increased root system and higher tiller numbers that may favor grain yield. Mutations in the conserved domain III were found to affect the physiological activity of class C20 GA2oxs. Methods are described for controlling plant growth and architecture by controlling gene expression of gibberellin 2-oxidase in the plant.
1. A method of generating a transgenic plant having one or more features selected from the group consisting of reduced height, increased tillering number, more biomass, a stronger and thicker stem, a stronger root system, more leaves, stable increase of yields and/or seed production, and enhanced stress tolerance, than a plant of substantially the same genetic background grown under the same conditions, the method comprising:
(a) transforming a cell of the plant of substantially the same genetic background with a nucleic acid molecule to obtain a recombinant plant cell;
(b) generating a transgenic plant from the recombinant plant cell, wherein the transgenic plant recombinantly expresses a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of:
(1) a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:2, wherein the amino acid sequence has a domain that is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:70;
(2) a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:4, wherein the amino acid sequence has a domain that is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:71;
(3) a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:10 or at least about 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:12, wherein the amino acid sequence has a domain that is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:74; and
(4) a mutant class C20 GA2ox having at least one mutation in domain III of class C20 GA2ox, the mutant C20 GA2ox having a reduced enzymatic activity to hydroxylate a class C20-GA precursor compared with an otherwise identical class C20 GA2ox that does not comprise the at least one mutation, and the domain III comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:17.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transgenic plant recombinantly expresses a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:68, SEQ ID NO:69, and the mutant class C20 GA2ox, wherein the domain III comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, and SEQ ID NO:20, and the otherwise identical class C20 GA2ox comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, and SEQ ID NO:10.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide is encoded by a gene located in the genome of the transgenic plant.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein gene expression of the polypeptide in the transgenic plant is controlled by a promoter selected from the group consisting of a native promoter; a constitutive promoter selected from the group consisting of a maize ubiquitin (Ubi) promoter, a rice actin (Act1) promoter, and cauliflower mosaic 35S RNA promoter (CaMV35S) promoter; a tissue-specific promoter selected from the group consisting of a rice glutelin (GluB) promoter, a rubisco small subunit (rbcS) promoter and a maize zean gene promoter; a developmental stage-specific promoter selected from the group consisting of a rice alpha-amylase (αAmy)promoter and a rice glycine rich RNA binding protein (GRRP-A1) promoter; and an inducible promoter inducible by drought, salt, high or low temperatures, hypoxia, anoxia, hydration, pH, chemicals, or hormones.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the inducible promoter is selected from the group consisting of promoters for the genes of Arabidopsis rd29A, cor15A, kin1, heat-shock factor (HSF), C-repeat-binding factor (CBF1) and dehydration-responsive element binding protein (DREB1A); and promoters for the genes of rice HVA1 (ABA-inducible), alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh), ethanol-inducible, and alpha-amylase (GA-inducible).
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein gene expression of the polypeptide in the transgenic plant is controlled by a promoter that controls gene expression in a developing seed during seed germination of the transgenic plant, in an early seedling of the transgenic plant, or in a growing plant of the transgenic plant.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transgenic plant is a dicot plant.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transgenic plant is a monocot plant.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transgenic plant is a rice plant.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising breeding the transgenic plant with a second plant, wherein the second plant is transgenic or nontransgenic.
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising screening the transgenic plant for the one or more features.
12. A method of improving one or more traits of a plant selected from the group consisting of reduced height, increased tillering number, more biomass, a stronger stem, a stronger root system, more leaves, and enhanced stress tolerance, the method comprising increasing expression of a gibberellin 2-oxidase or a derivative thereof in the plant.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the expression of the gibberellin 2-oxidase or a derivative thereof are increased by recombinant expression in the plant of a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of:
(1) a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:2, wherein the amino acid sequence has a domain that is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:70;
(2) a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:4, wherein the amino acid sequence has a domain that is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:71;
(3) a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 10 or at least about 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:12, wherein the amino acid sequence has a domain that is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:74;
(4) a mutant class C20 GA2ox, the mutant GA2ox having at least one mutation in domain III of class C20 GA2ox, the mutant GA2ox having a reduced enzymatic activity to hydroxylate a class C 20 -GA precursor compared with an otherwise identical class C20 GA2ox that lacks the at least one mutation, and the domain III comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:17.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the expression of the gibberellin 2-oxidase or a derivative thereof are increased by recombinant expression in the plant of a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:68, SEQ ID NO:69, and the mutant class C20 GA2ox, wherein the domain III comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, and the otherwise identical class C20 GA2ox comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, and SEQ ID NO:10.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein gene expression of the polypeptide in the plant is controlled by a promoter selected from the group consisting of a native promoter; a constitutive promoter selected from the group consisting of a maize ubiquitin (Ubi) promoter, a rice actin (Act1) promoter, and cauliflower mosaic 35S RNA promoter (CaMV35S) promoter; a tissue-specific promoter selected from the group consisting of a rice glutelin (GluB) promoter, a rubisco small subunit (rbcS) promoter and a maize zean gene promoter; a developmental stage-specific promoter selected from the group consisting of a rice alpha-amylase (□Amy)promoter and a rice glycine rich RNA binding protein (GRRP-A1) promoter; and an inducible promoter inducible by drought, salt, high or low temperatures, hypoxia, anoxia, hydration, pH, chemicals, or hormones.
16. The method of claim 14 , further comprising breeding the plant with a second plant, wherein the second plant is transgenic or nontransgenic.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein the plant is a dicot plant.
18. The method of claim 12 , wherein the plant is a monocot plant.
19. The method of claim 12 , wherein the stress is a biotic stress resulting from an invasion of the plant by a bacterium, a virus, a fungus, a parasite, a harmful insect, an algae, a nematode or a weed.
20. The method of claim 12 , wherein the stress is an abiotic stress resulting from the negative impact of a high wind, a low or high temperature, drought, salinity, flood, a poor edaphic condition, high radiation, compaction, contamination, pollution or rapid rehydration during seed germination.