Controlled source fracture monitoring
Reservoir fractures are visualized using electrically active proppants to carry electric signals throughout the fracture. The electric signals are easily detected at the surface using RF antennae and a three-dimensional image of the fracture is generated.
1. A method of imaging a fracture comprising:
a) packing an electrically active (EA) proppant into a fracture,
b) charging said proppant with an electric signal, wherien the electrical signal is encoded;
c) detecting said electric signal with one or more surface antennae, and
d) imaging said fracture using the detected eletric signal (c),
wherein said EA proppant comprises an EA sized proppant particle, an EA fracture fluid or both EA sized proppant particle and EA fracture fluid.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said EA sized proppant particle is selected from the group consisting of metal, aluminum, steel, iron, alloys, charged polymers, polysaccharide, polyacrylamide, ceramic or combinations thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said EA sized proppant particle is magnetic, paramagnetic, or diamagnetic.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said EA sized proppant particle is coated with an electrically active coating (EAC).
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein said EAC is selected from the group consisting of metals, conductive polymers, and charged coatings.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said EA sized particle is a resin-coated particle selected from the group consisting of alumina, aluminosilicate, bauxite, ceramic, iron, metal, mullite, olivine, sand, silica, titamium, tungsten, zirconia and combinations thereof.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said EA proppant has a size mesh of less than approximately 100, 200, or 500 mesh.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein said EA fracture fluid is selected from the group consisting of EA fluids, EA emulsions, EA doped liquids, EA lubricants and combinations thereof.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherin said EA fracture fluid is any condutive material.