On-demand microfluidic droplet or bubble generation

1. An apparatus comprising:

a microfluidic chip including

a microchannel that includes a microchannel inlet and a microchannel outlet and a first reagent chamber that includes a first chamber inlet, a first reagent chamber outlet configured to provide fluid communication between the first reagent chamber and the microchannel, and a first compliant wall, wherein the first chamber inlet is separated from the first chamber outlet and the microchannel by a portion of the first reagent chamber that includes the first compliant wall;

a first actuator coupled to the first compliant wall of the first reagent chamber and configured to actuate a volume change of the first reagent chamber in response to a first control signal; and

a controller configured to apply the first control signal to the first actuator to perform the actuating of the first compliant wall of the first reagent chamber to controllably and individually dispense a first fluid particle on-demand from the first reagent chamber into an immiscible fluid in the microchannel.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to provide an actuation control signal having a timing accuracy on the order of nanoseconds.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to apply the first control signal to dispense particles on-demand at a repetition rate in excess of a value that is on the order of kiloHertz.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first fluid particle has a volume that is between about 25 pL and about 4.5 nL.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first chamber outlet includes a first nozzle having a first nozzle width that is in a range between about 25 μm and about 100 μm.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first compliant wall includes a PDMS membrane and the first reagent chamber further includes compliant PDMS sidewalls supported on a rigid substrate.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 , comprising:

a second reagent chamber that includes a second chamber inlet, a second chamber outlet located within a particle dispensing range of the first chamber outlet and configured to provide fluid communication between the second chamber and the microchannel, and a second compliant wall;

a second actuator coupled to the second compliant wall of the second reagent chamber and configured to actuate a volume change of the second reagent chamber in response to a second control signal; and

wherein the controller is configured to apply the second control signal to the second actuator, independently from the first control signal applied to the first actuator, to perform the actuating to controllably and individually dispense a second fluid particle on-demand from the second reagent chamber into the immiscible fluid in the microchannel.

8. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the first reagent chamber is configured to carry a gaseous substance, the second reagent chamber is configured to carry a liquid or other substantially non-gaseous fluid substance, and wherein the controller is configured to operate at least one of the first and second actuators to expel a gas bubble into the microchannel.

9. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the controller is configured to operate the second actuator for expanding the second reagent chamber to draw gas from the first reagent chamber, and wherein the controller is configured to expel the gas bubble by providing the second control signal for actuating a compressing of the second reagent chamber.

10. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the first and second chamber outlets are located across and opposite the microchannel from each other.

11. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the first compliant wall is an overlying membrane that is affixed to a top surface of the microfluidic chip and configured to seal the microfluidic chip.

12. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein a portion of the overlying membrane is positioned over the microchannel.

13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first reagent outlet tapers to the first reagent outlet.

14. An apparatus comprising:

a microfluidic chip including

a microchannel that includes a microchannel inlet a microchannel outlet, and an immiscible fluid;

a first reagent chamber that includes a first fluid, a first chamber inlet, a first chamber outlet providing fluid communication between the first reagent chamber and the microchannel, a first fluid; and

a compliant membrane affixed to a top surface of the microfluidic chip forming a first compliant wall of the first reagent chamber;

a first actuator coupled to the first compliant wall of the first reagent chamber and configured to actuate a volume change of the first reagent chamber in response to a first control signal; and

a controller configured to apply the first control signal to the first actuator to perform the actuating to controllably and individually dispense a first fluid particle on-demand from the first reagent chamber into the immiscible fluid in the microchannel.