Catalytic burner apparatus for stirling engine
The invention provides an apparatus for generating heat and transferring the heat to a heater head of an external combustion engine, preferably, a Stirling engine. Fuel and air are introduced into a combustion chamber and mixed to form an air/fuel mixture. The air/fuel mixture is combusted over a combustion catalyst positioned in physical contact with a heat spreader, which itself is positioned in physical contact with a heat acceptor surface. The heat acceptor surface is secured in thermal communication with the heater head. Depending upon the design of the heater head, heat flux from the heat acceptor surface into the heater head may occur radially or non-radially.
1. A catalytic reactor apparatus for generating heat and transferring the heat to a heater head of a Stirling engine, the apparatus comprising the following components:
(a) a housing comprising a combustion chamber;
(b) a fuel inlet means for feeding a fuel into the chamber;
(c) an oxidant first inlet means for feeding an oxidant into the chamber;
(d) a combustion catalyst positioned within the chamber in fluid communication with the fuel and oxidant inlet means;
(e) a heat acceptor surface positioned within the chamber downstream from the catalyst, the heat acceptor surface positioned in thermal communication with a heater head of a Stirling engine;
(f) a heat spreader positioned in between the catalyst and the heat acceptor surface and contacting both the catalyst and the heat acceptor surface;
(g) an ignition means positioned within the chamber for igniting the catalyst and thus initiating flameless combustion of the fuel with the oxidant; and
(h) one or more outlet means for exhausting combustion gases from the chamber.
2. The catalytic reactor of claim 1 wherein the heat spreader and the heat acceptor surface are provided as one composite component.
3. The catalytic reactor of claim 1 wherein the heat spreader and the heat acceptor surface are provided as two separate components.
4. The catalytic reactor of claim 1 wherein the heat acceptor surface has a flat or bowl shape.
5. The catalytic reactor of claim 1 wherein the heat acceptor surface is secured to a circular face at one end of a cylindrical heater head providing for heat flux along a longitudinal axis of the heater head.
6. The catalytic reactor of claim 1 further comprising a nozzle/atomizer for vaporizing the fuel prior to combustion.
7. The catalytic reactor of claim 1 further comprising a swirling means for mixing the fuel and oxidant prior to contact with the catalyst.
8. The catalytic reactor of claim 1 further comprising a recuperator comprising a heat conductive wall separating the oxidant first inlet means from the outlet means for exhausting combustion gases.
9. The catalytic reactor of claim 1 wherein the catalyst comprises an ultra-short-channel-length metal substrate.
10. The catalytic reactor of claim 9 wherein the catalyst comprises an ultra-short-channel-length metal mesh substrate having deposited thereon one or more noble metals.
11. An improved Stirling engine having a piston undergoing reciprocating linear motion within an expansion cylinder containing a working fluid heated through a heater head; the improvement employing a catalytic reactor for generating heat and transferring the heat to the heater head, the reactor comprising:
a) a housing comprising a combustion chamber;
(b) a fuel inlet means for feeding a fuel into the chamber;
(c) an oxidant first inlet means for feeding an oxidant into the chamber;
(d) a combustion catalyst positioned within the chamber in fluid communication with the fuel and oxidant inlet means;
(e) a heat acceptor surface positioned within the chamber downstream from the catalyst, the heat acceptor surface being secured in thermal communication with a heater head of a Stirling engine;
(f) a heat spreader positioned in between the catalyst and the heat acceptor surface and contacting both the catalyst and the heat acceptor surface;
(g) an ignition means positioned within the chamber for igniting the catalyst and thus initiating flameless combustion of the fuel with the oxidant; and
(h) one or more outlet means for exhausting combustion gases from the chamber.
12. The external combustion engine of claim 11 wherein the heat acceptor surface is secured to a circular face at one end of a cylindrical heater head providing for heat flux along a longitudinal axis of the heater head.
13. The external combustion engine of claim 11 wherein the heat acceptor surface has a flat or bowl shape.
14. The external combustion engine of claim 11 wherein the combustion catalyst comprises an ultra-short-channel-length metal substrate.
15. The external combustion engine of claim 14 wherein the combustion catalyst comprises an ultra-short-channel-length metal mesh substrate having deposited thereon one or more noble metals.
16. A method of generating heat and transferring the heat to a heater head of a Stirling engine, the method comprising:
(1) employing a catalytic reactor for generating heat and transferring the heat to the heater head, the reactor comprising (a) a housing comprising a combustion chamber; (b) a fuel inlet means for feeding a fuel into the chamber; (c) an oxidant first inlet means for feeding an oxidant into the chamber; (d) a combustion catalyst positioned within the chamber in fluid communication with the fuel and oxidant inlet means; (e) a heat acceptor surface positioned within the chamber downstream from the catalyst, the heat acceptor surface being secured in thermal communication with a heater head of a Stirling engine; (f) a heat spreader positioned in between the catalyst and the heat acceptor surface and contacting both the catalyst and the heat acceptor surface; (g) an ignition means positioned within the chamber for igniting the catalyst and thus initiating flameless combustion of the fuel with the oxidant; and (h) one or more outlet means for exhausting combustion gases from the chamber;
(2) feeding a fuel through the fuel inlet means into the combustion chamber;
(3) feeding an oxidant through the oxidant first inlet means into the combustion chamber;
(4) in the chamber, contacting the fuel and the oxidant with the combustion catalyst;
(5) igniting the catalyst so as to initiate flameless combustion of the fuel with the oxidant thereby generating heat of combustion, the heat being transferred from the combustion catalyst to the heat acceptor surface and therefrom to the heater head into the Stirling engine; and
(6) exhausting combustion gases through the one or more outlet means.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the heat acceptor surface is secured to a circular face of one end of a cylindrical heater head providing for heat flux along a longitudinal axis of the heater head.
18. The method of claim 16 wherein the heat acceptor surface has a flat or bowl shape.
19. The method of claim 16 wherein the fuel is atomized into droplets/streams and vaporized prior to contact with the combustion catalyst.
20. The method of claim 16 wherein the fuel and oxidant are mixed with a swirler prior to contact with the combustion catalyst.
21. The method of claim 16 wherein the combustion exhaust gases are passed through a recuperator to extract heat, which heat is employed to raise the temperature of the oxidant fed through the oxidant first inlet means.
22. The method of claim 16 wherein the combustion catalyst comprises an ultra-short-channel-length metal substrate.
23. The method of claim 22 wherein the ultra-short-channel-length metal substrate comprises an ultra-short-channel-length metal mesh substrate having deposited thereon one or more noble metals.
24. The method of claim 16 wherein the fuel is JP-8 fuel and the oxidant is air or oxygen.