Control of a laser inertial confinement fusion-fission power plant
A laser inertial-confinement fusion-fission energy power plant is described. The fusion-fission hybrid system uses inertial confinement fusion to produce neutrons from a fusion reaction of deuterium and tritium. The fusion neutrons drive a sub-critical blanket of fissile or fertile fuel. A coolant circulated through the fuel extracts heat from the fuel that is used to generate electricity. The inertial confinement fusion reaction can be implemented using central hot spot or fast ignition fusion, and direct or indirect drive. The fusion neutrons result in ultra-deep burn-up of the fuel in the fission blanket, thus enabling the burning of nuclear waste. Fuels include depleted uranium, natural uranium, enriched uranium, spent nuclear fuel, thorium, and weapons grade plutonium. LIFE engines can meet worldwide electricity needs in a safe and sustainable manner, while drastically shrinking the highly undesirable stockpiles of depleted uranium, spent nuclear fuel and excess weapons materials.
1. A fusion-fission engine comprising:
a chamber having a fusion source of neutrons;
a fuel region for containing fertile or fissile fuel surrounding at least a portion of the chamber, wherein neutrons from the fusion source are introduced into the fertile or fissile fuel to convert it into different atomic weight elements and produce heat;
a coolant which includes lithium circulating through the fertile or fissile fuel to extract heat therefrom for use in another process; and
a coolant replenishing system for replenishing the lithium based coolant, the coolant replenishing system providing both 6 Li and 7 Li coolant in a specified ratio, wherein changing the ratio enables control of the heat produced by the engine.
2. A fusion-fission engine as in claim 1 wherein the fusion source of neutrons comprises neutrons produced by laser inertial confinement fusion.
3. A fusion-fission engine as in claim 2 wherein the neutrons from the fusion source convert some of the lithium into tritium.
4. A fusion-fission engine as in claim 3 wherein by absorption of the neutrons, production of the tritium reduces the electrical power output of the engine.
5. A fusion-fission engine as in claim 4 wherein during an initial phase of operation the engine is controlled to produce excess tritium by the coolant having a higher ratio of 6 Li to 7 Li, and during a later phase of operation the engine is controlled to produce less tritium by the coolant having a lower ratio of 6 Li to 7 Li.
6. A fusion-fission engine as in claim 1 wherein the neutrons are produced by laser light applied to targets containing tritium.
7. A fusion-fission engine as in claim 6 wherein tritium for use in the targets is manufactured by the fusion-fission engine.
8. A fusion-fission engine as in claim 1 wherein the fertile or fissile fuel comprises discrete units of fissile material and the engine further comprises:
a safety system including a dump tank coupled to the chamber to receive the discrete units of fissile material from the chamber if the coolant ceases circulating through the fuel region;
a convection cooling system coupled to the dump tank for cooling the discrete units of fissile material while in the dump tank; and
a connection to the dump tank for removing the discrete units of fissile material from the dump tank.