Treating and preventing viral infections

1. A compound of the following formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, wherein:

X is S or NH;

Y is O or S;

Z is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted 5-member heteroaryl ring, 6-member heteroaryl ring, or phenyl;

R 1 is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl ring; and

L is —CH 2 — or ═CH—,

wherein when X is S, R is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted fused or bicyclic cycloalkyl ring; and when X is NH, R is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted fused or bicyclic cycloalkyl ring or a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl ring having 3 to 14 carbon ring atoms.

2. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R is selected from octahydro-pentalenyl, octahydro-1H-indenyl, decahydronaphthalenyl, decahydroazulenyl, and decahydro-1H-benzo[7]annulenyl.

3. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R is selected from bicyclo[1.1.0]-butanyl, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, bicyclo-[3.2.1]octanyl, bicyclo[3.3.2]decanyl, and adamantyl.

4. The compound of claim 1 , wherein Z is a substituted or unsubstituted 5-member heteroaryl ring.

5. The compound of claim 1 , wherein Z is selected from substituted or unsubstituted furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, or imidazolyl.

6. The compound of claim 1 , wherein Z is a substituted or unsubstituted 6-member heteroaryl ring.

7. The compound of claim 1 , wherein Z is selected from substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl, pyrimidin-2-yl, pyrimidin-4-yl, pyrimidin-5-yl, pyrazinyl, or triazinyl.

8. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R 1 has the formula:

wherein X and Y are each independently selected from CH and N, and R a represents up to 5 organic radicals, wherein the radicals are substitutions for hydrogen.

9. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R 1 is substituted by from 1 to 5 organic radicals independently selected from halogen; substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 12 alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 12 alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 12 alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 5 -C 10 aryl; substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 12 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 12 heteroalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 12 heteroalkynyl; C 1 -C 9 substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic; C 1 -C 11 substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 5 alkoxyalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 5 alkoxyalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 5 alkoxyalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 5 aminoalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 5 aminoalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 5 aminoalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 5 carboxyalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 5 carboxyalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 5 carboxyalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 5 amidoalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 5 amidoalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 5 amidoalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 5 cyanoalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 5 cyanoalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 5 cyanoalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 5 nitroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 5 nitroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 5 nitroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 5 sulfonylalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 5 sulfonylalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 5 sulfonylalkynyl; C 1 -C 4 linear or branched haloalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy; halogen; cyano; nitro; or substituted or unsubstituted amino.

10. The compound of claim 1 , wherein X is NH and R is a monocyclic ring, a fused cycloalkyl ring, or a bicyclic ring.

11. The compound of claim 1 , wherein X is NH and R is selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclododecyl, and cycloundecyl.

12. A composition comprising one or more compounds of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

13. A method for treating an influenza viral infection in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the compound of claim 1 .

14. The method of claim 13 , further comprising administering a second compound or composition, wherein the second compound or composition is an antiviral compound.

15. The method of claim 14 wherein the second compound or composition is a nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, a protease inhibitor, an integrase inhibitor, an RNA polymerase inhibitor, a DNA polymerase inhibitor, a kinase inhibitor, an enzyme inhibitor, an entry inhibitor, an assembly inhibitor, a maturation inhibitor, a M2 inhibitor, or a neuraminidase inhibitor.

16. The method of claim 15 wherein the second compound or composition is amantadine, rimantadine, oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir, raltegravir, maraviros, enfuviritide, bevirimat, VIVECON®, abacavir, zidovudine, emtricitabine, lamivudine, didanosine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, COMBIVIR® (zidovudine+lamivudine), EPZICOM® (abacavir+lamivudine), TRIZIVIR® (abacavir+zidovudine+lamivudine), TRUVADA® (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate+emtricitabine), stavudine, racivir, amdoxovir, apricitabine, elvucitabine, alpha-epibromide, aldesleukin, HIV-1 Immunogen, BAY 50-4798, IR103, etravirine, delavirdine, efavirenz, nevirapine, rilpivirine, amprenavir, tipranavir, indinavir, saquinavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, fosamprenavir, ritonavir, darunavir, atazanavir, nelfinavir, enfuvirtide, maraviroc, vicriviroc, PRO140, TNX-355, raltegravir, elvitegravir, bevirimat, or hydroxyurea.

17. The method of claim 13 , wherein the influenza viral infection is influenza A virus.

18. The method of claim 13 , wherein the influenza viral infection is influenza B virus.