Process for producing ethanol
A process for producing ethanol including a combination of biochemical and synthetic conversions results in high yield ethanol production with concurrent production of high value coproducts. An acetic acid intermediate is produced from carbohydrates, such as corn, using enzymatic milling and fermentation steps, followed by conversion of the acetic acid into ethanol using esterification and hydrogenation reactions. Coproducts can include corn oil, and high protein animal feed containing the biomass produced in the fermentation.
1. A method to produce ethanol, comprising:
a. treating a material containing cellulose, hemicellulose or mixtures thereof, to produce a fermentation medium;
b. culturing a homofermentative organism in the fermentation medium to produce acetic acid, acetate or mixtures thereof; and
c. chemically converting the acetic acid, acetate or mixtures thereof into ethanol.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the material containing cellulose, hemicelluloses or mixtures thereof is selected from the group consisting of biomass materials, starch-based materials and mixtures thereof.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the material containing cellulose, hemicelluloses or mixtures thereof comprises a biomass material.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the biomass material is selected from the group consisting of grass, wood, paper and crop residues.
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the biomass material is wood.
6. The method of claim 2 , wherein the material containing cellulose, hemicelluloses or mixtures thereof comprises a starch-based material.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the starch-based material containing cellulose, hemicelluloses or mixtures thereof comprises corn.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of treating the material comprises at least one treatment selected from the group consisting of acid hydrolysis and enzymatic treatment.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the treatment is enzymatic treatment and comprises using at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of an amylase, a glycosidase, a xylonase, a cellulase, and a protease.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the treatment is enzymatic treatment and comprises using at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of glucoamylase, α-L-arabinofurinosidase, α-glucuronidase, endo-1,4,xylanase,β-xylosidase, endo-β-glucanase, exo-β-glucanase, and β-glucosidase.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of treating comprises acid hydrolysis using a strong mineral acid.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the strong mineral acid is selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and perchloric acid.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the treating and fermenting steps are performed simultaneously.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the homofermentative organism is a microorganism of the genus Clostridium.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the homofermentative organism is a microorganism selected from the group consisting of a microorganism of the species Clostridium thermoaceticum and a microorganism of the species Clostridium formicoaceticum.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of chemically converting the acetic acid, acetate or mixtures thereof into ethanol comprises acidifying acetate to acetic acid and esterifying acetic acid to an acetate.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the step of chemically converting the acetic acid, acetate or mixtures thereof into ethanol further comprises hydrogenating the acetate to form ethanol.
18. A method to produce ethanol, comprising:
a. treating wood with at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of an amylase, a glycosidase, a xylonase, a cellulase, and a protease, to produce a fermentation medium;
b. culturing a homofermentative organism of the genus Clostridium in the fermentation medium to produce acetic acid, acetate or mixtures thereof; and
c. chemically converting the acetic acid, acetate or mixtures thereof into ethanol.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the step of chemically converting the acetic acid, acetate or mixtures thereof into ethanol comprises acidifying acetate to acetic acid and esterifying acetic acid to an acetate.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the step of chemically converting the acetic acid, acetate or mixtures thereof into ethanol further comprises hydrogenating the acetate to form ethanol.
21. A method to produce ethanol, comprising:
a. subjecting wood to acid hydrolysis using a strong mineral acid selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and perchloric acid, to produce a fermentation medium;
b. culturing a homofermentative organism of the genus Clostridium in the fermentation medium to produce acetic acid, acetate or mixtures thereof; and
c. chemically converting the acetic acid, acetate or mixtures thereof into ethanol.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the step of chemically converting the acetic acid, acetate or mixtures thereof into ethanol comprises acidifying acetate to acetic acid and esterifying acetic acid to an acetate.
23. The method of claim 22 wherein the step of chemically converting the acetic acid, acetate or mixtures thereof into ethanol further comprises hydrogenating the acetate to form ethanol.