Conversion of carbon dioxide to organic products
The invention relates to various embodiments of an environmentally beneficial method for reducing carbon dioxide. The methods in accordance with the invention include electrochemically or photoelectrochemically reducing the carbon dioxide in a divided electrochemical cell that includes an anode, e.g., an inert metal counterelectrode, in one cell compartment and a metal or p-type semiconductor cathode electrode in another cell compartment that also contains an aqueous solution of an electrolyte and a catalyst of one or more substituted or unsubstituted aromatic amines to produce therein a reduced organic product.
1. A method of converting carbon dioxide to provide at least one product selected from the group consisting of glyoxal, isopropanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, acetone, acetaldehyde and mixtures thereof, comprising reducing the carbon dioxide electrochemically in a divided electrochemical cell comprising an anode in one cell compartment and a cathode in another cell compartment, the cathode selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Zn, Ga, Hg, In, Cd, Ti, Pt and hydrogenated Pd, the cell compartment including the cathode including one or more substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic amines, each compartment containing an aqueous solution of an electrolyte,
wherein said at least one product selected from the group consisting of glyoxal, isopropanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, acetone, acetaldehyde and mixtures thereof is generated in the electrolyte by reduction of carbon dioxide and the aromatic heterocyclic amine is selected from the group consisting of lutidines and bipyridines, and mixtures thereof.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the cathode is selected from the group consisting of Pt and hydrogenated Pd.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the lutidines and bipyridines are selected from the group consisting of 2,6 lutidine and 4,4′ bypryridine.
4. A method of converting carbon dioxide to provide at least one product selected from the group consisting of formic acid, glyoxal, isopropanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, acetone, acetaldehyde and mixtures thereof, comprising reducing the carbon dioxide electrochemically in a divided electrochemical cell comprising an anode in one cell compartment and a cathode in another cell compartment, the cathode selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Zn, Ga, Hg, In, Cd, Ti, Pt and hydrogenated Pd, the cell compartment including the cathode including one or more substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic amines, each compartment containing an aqueous solution of an electrolyte,
wherein the aromatic heterocyclic amine is a lower alkyl substituted pyridine, a lower alkyl amino substituted pyridine, an unsubstituted bipyridine, a lower alkyl substituted bipyridine, hydroxy-pyridine, hydroxy-bipyridine, or lower alkyl amino substituted bipyridine.
5. A method of converting carbon dioxide to provide at least one product selected from the group consisting of formic acid, glyoxal, isopropanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, acetone, acetaldehyde and mixtures thereof, comprising reducing the carbon dioxide electrochemically in a divided electrochemical cell comprising an anode in one cell compartment and a cathode in another cell compartment, the cathode selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Zn, Ga, Hg, In, Cd, Ti, Pt and hydrogenated Pd, the cell compartment including the cathode including one or more substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic amines, each compartment containing an aqueous solution of an electrolyte,
wherein the aromatic heterocyclic amine is a pyrazine, a pyridazine or a pyrimidine represented by formula 3:
wherein one of L1, L2 or L3 is N and the other L's are C, R9 is H, if L1 is N, then R10 is H, if L2 is N, then R11 is H, and if L3 is N, then R12 is H; and if L1, L2 or L3 is C, then R10, R11, R12, R13 and R14 are independently selected from straight chain or branched chain lower alkyl, hydroxyl, amino, or pyridyl.
6. A method of converting carbon dioxide to provide at least one product selected from the group consisting of formic acid, glyoxal, isopropanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, acetone, acetaldehyde and mixtures thereof, comprising reducing the carbon dioxide electrochemically in a divided electrochemical cell comprising an anode in one cell compartment and a cathode in another cell compartment, the cathode selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Zn, Ga, Hg, In, Cd, Ti, Pt and hydrogenated Pd, the cell compartment including the cathode including one or more substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic amines, each compartment containing an aqueous solution of an electrolyte, wherein the aromatic heterocyclic amine is represented by formula 4:
wherein L 5 is N or C, R 15 is H, R 16 is H if L 5 is N, or if L 5 is C, R 16 , R 17 , R 18 and R 19 are independently selected from straight chain or branched chain lower alkyl, hydroxyl, amino, or pyridyl, or R 17 and R 18 taken together with the ring carbons to which they are bonded are a fused 5-member aryl ring.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the aromatic heterocyclic amine is an imidazole or a pyrrole.
8. The method of claim 1 , which further comprises obtaining the carbon dioxide from an exhaust stream from a fossil fuel burning power or industrial plant, from a source accompanying natural gas or from a geothermal well.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein electrical energy for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide is provided from an energy source based on nuclear, hydroelectric, wind, geothermal or solar power.
10. A method of converting carbon dioxide to provide at least one product selected from the group consisting of formic acid, formaldehyde, glyoxal, methanol, isopropanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, acetone, acetaldehyde and mixtures thereof, comprising reducing the carbon dioxide electrochemically in a divided electrochemical cell comprising an anode in one cell compartment and a cathode in another cell compartment, the cathode selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Zn, Ga, Hg, In, Cd, Ti, Pt and hydrogenated Pd, the cell compartment including the cathode including one or more substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic amines except pyridine, p-aminopyridine, p-ethylpyridine and 4-methyl quinoline, each compartment containing an aqueous solution of an electrolyte,
wherein the aromatic heterocyclic amine is a pyrazine, a pyridazine or a pyrimidine represented by formula 3:
wherein one of L1, L2 or L3 is N and the other L's are C, R9 is H, if L1 is N, then R10 is H, if L2 is N, then R11 is H, and if L3 is N, then R12 is H; and if L1, L2 or L3 is C, then R10, R11, R12, R13 and R14 are independently selected from straight chain or branched chain lower alkyl, hydroxyl, amino, or pyridyl.