Enhancement of semiconducting photovoltaic absorbers by the addition of alkali salts through solution coating techniques
View Patent ↗In particular embodiments, a method is described for forming photovoltaic devices that includes providing a substrate suitable for use in a photovoltaic device, depositing a conductive contact layer over the substrate, depositing a salt solution over the surface of the conductive contact layer, the solution comprising a volatile solvent and an alkali metal salt solute, and depositing a semiconducting absorber layer over the solute residue left by the evaporated solvent.
1. A method, comprising:
depositing a conductive contact layer over a substrate suitable for use in a photovoltaic device;
depositing a salt solution over the surface of the conductive contact layer, the solution comprising:
a volatile solvent, and
an alkali metal salt solute; and
depositing a semiconducting absorber layer over the solution, wherein substantially all of the volatile solvent is evaporated before depositing the absorber layer thereby leaving a substantially uniform coating of the alkali metal salt over the surface of the conductive contact layer prior to depositing the absorber layer,
wherein the volatile solvent evaporates in less than approximately 10 seconds thereby leaving a substantially uniform coating of the alkali metal salt over the surface of the conductive contact layer.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alkali metal salt solute comprises less than approximately 1 atomic percent of the solution.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the volatile solvent evaporates in less than approximately 1 second thereby leaving a substantially uniform coating of the alkali metal salt over the surface of the conductive contact layer.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alkali metal salt solute is comprised of one or more alkali metals including one or more of lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), and caesium (Cs).
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alkali metal salt solute is comprised of one or more cations including one or more of fluorine (F), chlorine (CI), bromine (Br), iodine (I), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), and oxygen (O).
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the volatile solvent is comprised of one or more of acetone, ethanol, methanol, and water.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the absorber layer is comprised of one or more layers each comprised of one or more of copper indium gallium diselenide, copper indium gallium selenide sulfide, and copper indium gallium disulfide, copper-indium-disulfide, or copper-indium-diselenide.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising annealing the absorber layer.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising depositing a semiconducting buffer layer over the absorber layer.
10. The method of claim 9 , further comprising depositing a second conductive contact layer over the buffer layer.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is a soda lime float glass substrate.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein depositing a salt solution over the surface of the conductive contact layer comprises spraying the salt solution over the surface of the conductive layer with a spray nozzle in the form of a fine mist.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein, prior to deposition of the absorber layer but after evaporation of the volatile solvent, the coating of the alkali metal salt over the surface of the conductive contact layer has a thickness greater than approximately 0 nanometers but less than approximately 25 nanometers.
14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising heating the substrate concurrently with depositing the salt solution.