LITHIUM ION FLUORIDE BATTERY
The present invention provides electrochemical cells capable of good electronic performance, particularly high specific energies, useful discharge rate capabilities and good cycle life. The invention includes primary and secondary batteries having positive and negative electrodes that exchange fluoride ions with an electrolyte comprising a fluoride salt and solvent.
1 . A battery comprising:
a positive electrode comprising a carbon nanofiber or carbon nanotube material;
a negative electrode comprising a graphite material; and
an electrolyte provided between said positive electrode and said negative electrode; said electrolyte capable of conducting charge carriers between said positive electrode and said negative electrode; said electrolyte comprising a solvent and a fluoride salt, wherein said fluoride salt is at least partially present in a dissolved state in said electrolyte, thereby generating fluoride ions in said electrolyte;
wherein said positive electrode and negative electrode exchange said fluoride ions with said electrolyte during charging or discharging of said battery.
2 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein said positive electrode and negative electrode reversibly exchange said fluoride ions with said electrolyte during charging and discharging of said battery.
3 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein said positive electrode comprises a multiwalled carbon nanofiber material.
4 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein said positive electrode comprises a multiwalled carbon nanotube material.
5 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein said positive electrode comprises an irradiated material.
6 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein said positive electrode further comprises a polyvinylidene fluoride component.
7 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein said positive electrode comprises a mixture of the carbon nanofiber or nanotube material and a polyvinylidene fluoride component.
8 . The battery of claim 6 , wherein the ratio of the masses of said carbon nanofiber or carbon nanotube material to said polyvinylidene fluoride component is selected over the range of 2 to 4.
9 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein said positive electrode is electrochemically precycled with fluoride ions prior to being provided in said battery, wherein said fluoride ions are electrochemically inserted into and removed from said positive electrode during precycling.
10 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein said positive electrode is provided in a substantially defluorinated state.
11 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein said negative electrode is a graphite electrode.
12 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein said negative electrode is electrochemically precycled with lithium ions prior to being provided in said battery, wherein said lithium ions are electrochemically inserted into and removed from said negative electrode during precycling.
13 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein said negative electrode is provided in a substantially delithiated state.
14 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein said negative electrode further comprises conductive carbon component.
15 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein said fluoride salt is LiPF 6 .
16 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein said solvent is ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate or a combination of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate.
17 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein said electrolyte is 1M LiPF 6 in ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (+0.1 M KF).
18 . The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein during discharge of said battery, said fluoride ions are released from said positive electrode and accommodated by said negative electrode, and wherein during charging of said battery, said fluoride ions are released from said negative electrode and accommodated by said positive electrode.
19 . The battery of claim 1 comprising a secondary electrochemical cell.
20 . A method for generating an electrical current, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a battery; said battery comprising:
a positive electrode comprising a carbon nanofiber or carbon nanotube material;
a negative electrode comprising a graphite material; and
an electrolyte provided between said positive electrode and said negative electrode; said electrolyte capable of conducting charge carriers between said positive electrode and said negative electrode; said electrolyte comprising a solvent and a fluoride salt, wherein said fluoride salt is at least partially present in a dissolved state in said electrolyte, thereby generating fluoride ions in said electrolyte;
discharging said electrochemical cell, wherein during discharge of said battery, said fluoride ions are released from said positive electrode and accommodated by said negative electrode.