Trimethylamine compounds as risk predictors of cardiovascular disease
Methods of characterizing a test subject's risk of having or developing cardiovascular disease are provided. The methods include using an analytic device to determine levels of choline-related trimethylamine-containing compounds such as trimethylamine N-oxide, choline, or betaine in a biological sample obtained from the subject and comparing the levels of the choline-related trimethylamine-containing compound in the subject's biological sample to a control value. The test subject's risk of having cardiovascular disease is then characterized as higher if the levels of the choline-related trimethylamine-containing compound are higher than the control value. Also provided are methods of identifying a subject at risk of experiencing a complication of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and methods of evaluating the efficacy of a cardiovascular therapeutic agent in a subject with cardiovascular disease using levels of choline-related trimethylamine-containing compounds.
1. A method of determining and displaying a human subject's risk of having cardiovascular disease, comprising:
(a) generating a plasma and/or serum sample from a blood sample from a human subject,
(b) purifying said plasma and/or serum sample using HPLC or gas chromatography (GC) to generate an HPLC or GC purified sample,
(c) introducing at least a portion of said HPLC or GC purified sample into an analytical device, wherein said analytical device comprises an NMR spectrometer, a UV/Vis spectrometer, or a mass spectrometer;
(d) activating said analytical device such that said at least a portion of said HPLC or GC purified sample is subjected to nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, UV/Vis spectrometry, or mass spectrometry analysis thereby determining a level of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMANO) in said plasma or serum sample; and
(c) graphically displaying said subject's risk of having cardiovascular disease as higher than normal if said level of said TMANO in said plasma or serum sample is higher than 4.1 μM.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said plasma and/or serum sample is said serum sample.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said plasma and/or serum sample is said plasma sample.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the analytical device is a mass spectrometer, wherein the activating step comprises obtaining and analyzing signal having a mass to charge ratio of 76 associated with said TMANO.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the analytical device comprises said NMR spectrometer.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said level of TMANO is determined with said NMR spectrometer.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said level of TMANO is determined with said mass spectrometer.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of chemically derivatizing said TMANO before the introducing step, and wherein said analytical device is a mass spectrometer.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein said level of said TMANO is higher than 7.0 μM.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein said level of said TMANO is higher than 12.4 μM.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein said level of TMANO is determined with said UV/Vis spectrometer.
12. A method of determining and displaying a human subject's risk of developing cardiovascular disease, comprising:
(a) generating a plasma and/or serum sample from a blood sample from a human subject,
(b) purifying said plasma and/or serum sample using HPLC or gas chromatography (GC) to generate an HPLC or GC purified sample,
(c) introducing at least a portion of said HPLC or GC purified sample from a human subject into an analytical device, wherein said analytical device comprises an NMR spectrometer, a UV/Vis spectrometer, or a mass spectrometer;
(d) activating said analytical device such that said at least a portion of said HPLC or GC purified sample is subjected to nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, UV/Vis spectrometry, or mass spectrometry analysis thereby determining a level of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMANO) in said at least a portion of said plasma and/or said serum sample; and
(e) graphically displaying said subject's risk of developing cardiovascular disease as higher than normal if said level of TMANO in said plasma or serum sample is higher than 4.1 μM.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein said plasma and/or serum sample is the serum sample.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein said plasma and/or serum sample is the plasma sample.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the analytical device is a mass spectrometer.
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the analytical device comprises said NMR spectrometer.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein said level of TMANO is determined by said mass spectrometer.
18. The method of claim 12 , wherein said level of said TMANO is higher than 7.0 μM.
19. The method of claim 12 , wherein said level of said TMANO is higher than 12.4 μM.
20. The method of claim 12 , wherein said level of TMANO is determined with said UV/Vis spectrometer.