Histone demethylation mediated by the nuclear amine oxidase homolog LSD1
LSD1, a homolog of nuclear amine oxidases, functions as a histone demethylase and transcriptional co-repressor. LSD1 specifically demethylates histone H3 lysine 4, which is linked to active transcription. Lysine demethylation occurs via an oxidation reaction that generates formaldehyde. Importantly, RNAi inhibition of LSD1 causes an increase in H3 lysine 4 methylation and concomitant de-repression of target genes, suggesting that LSD1 represses transcription via histone demethylation. The results thus identify a histone demethylase conserved from S. pombe to human and reveal dynamic regulation of histone methylation by both histone methylases and demethylases.
1. A method of increasing lysine methylation of a histone polypeptide in a cell, the method comprising contacting said cell with an agent that decreases the protein level or enzymatic activity of lysine specific demethylase 1(LSD1) or amine oxidase (flavin containing) domain 1(AOF1), wherein the agent decreases the protein level or enzymatic activity of LSD1 or AOF1 in the contacted cell compared to the protein level or enzymatic activity of LSD1 or AOF1 in the cell before the cell is contacted with the agent.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the agent decreases the protein level of LSD 1 or AOF 1 in the cell.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the agent decreases the enzymatic activity of LSD1 or AOF1 in the cell.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said agent targets LSD1.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said agent is a small molecule compound.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein said small molecule compound is a natural product compound or a synthetic compound.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the increase in methylation comprises an increase in mono- or dimethylated lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3-K4).
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein said agent is selected from a group consisting of: an siRNA molecule, a vector encoding a siRNA molecule, a shRNA molecule, a vector encoding a shRNA molecule, an antisense RNA molecule and a vector encoding an antisense RNA molecule.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein said molecule is a siRNA molecule.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein said siRNA molecule targets LSD1.
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein said siRNA molecule comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 39, and SEQ ID NO: 40.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein said cell is a mammalian cell.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein said cell is a human cell or a mouse cell.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein said cell is in an organism.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of a cancer cell, a stem cell, and a neuronal cell.