Diazaphosphacycle transition metal complexes

1. A method of catalyzing a chemical reaction, comprising:

catalyzing the chemical reaction selected from the group consisting of a hydrogenation reaction and an allylic alkylation reaction with a transition metal complex, wherein the transition metal complex comprises a diazaphosphacycle of formula III and a transition metal, and further wherein the phosphorus atom of the diazaphosphacycle is bonded to the transition metal and the diazaphosphacycle of formula III has the following structure

wherein

R 1 is selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted aryl groups, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted alkenyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl groups, and unsubstituted ferrocenyl groups;

R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted aryl groups, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclyl groups, and unsubstituted ferrocenyl groups;

R 4 is selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted aryl groups, trialkylsilyl groups, triarylsilyl groups, alkyldiarylsilyl groups, dialkylarylsilyl groups, —C(═O)—R 6 groups, —S(═O) 2 —R 6 groups, —P(═O)R 6 R 7 groups, and —C(═NR 6 )—R 7 groups;

R 5 is selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted aryl groups, trialkylsilyl groups, triarylsilyl groups, alkyldiarylsilyl groups, dialkylarylsilyl groups, —C(═O)—R 7 groups, —S(═O) 2 —R 6 groups, —P(═O)R 6 R 7 groups, and —C(═NR 6 )—R 7 groups;

R 6 is selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted alkenyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted aryl groups, —OH groups, substituted and unsubstituted alkoxy groups, substituted and unsubstituted aryloxy groups, —NH(alkyl) groups, —NH(aryl) groups, —N(aryl) 2 groups, —N(alkyl) 2 groups, —N(alkyl)(aryl) groups, —S-alkyl groups, and S-aryl groups;

R 7 is selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted alkenyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted aryl groups, —OH groups, substituted and unsubstituted alkoxy groups, substituted and unsubstituted aryloxy groups, —NH(alkyl) groups, —NH(aryl) groups, —N(aryl) 2 groups, —N(alkyl) 2 groups, —N(alkyl)(aryl) groups, —S-alkyl groups, and S-aryl groups;

R 6 and R 7 may be part of the same alkyl group, alkenyl group, or aryl group such that R 4 and R 5 together with the two nitrogen atoms of the diazaphosphacycle form a ring; and

Y has the formula —(CH 2 ) n — wherein n is 0;

and further wherein

substituted alkyl groups and substituted alkenyl groups are unsubstituted alkyl groups and unsubstituted alkenyl groups, in which one or more bonds to a carbon or hydrogen is replaced by a bond to a substituent selected from a F, Cl, Br, or I atom in a halide; a O atom in a hydroxyl group, alkoxy group, aryloxy group, ester group, carbonyl group, or carboxyl group; a S atom in a thiol group, alkyl sulfide group, aryl sulfide group, sulfone group, sulfonyl group, or sulfoxide group; a N atom in an amine group, amide group, alkylamine group, dialkylamine group, arylamine group, alkylarylamine group, diaryla mine group, N-oxide group, imide group, enamine group, imine group, oxime group, hydrazone group, or nitrile group; a Si atom in a trialkylsilyl group, dialkylarylsilyl group, alkyldiarylsilyl group, or triarylsilyl group; or a P atom in a phosphine group or phosphoryl group;

substituted cycloalkyl groups are unsubstituted cycloalkyl groups, in which one or more bonds to a carbon or hydrogen is replaced by a bond to a substituent selected from the group consisting of any of the substituents defined above, an unsubstituted alkyl group as defined above, or a substituted alkyl group as defined above; and

substituted aryl groups are unsubstituted aryl groups as defined above, in which one or more bonds to a carbon or hydrogen is replaced by a bond to a substituent selected from the group consisting of any of the substituents defined above, an unsubstituted alkyl group as defined above, or a substituted alkyl group as defined above.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chemical reaction is the hydrogenation of an alkene, an alkyne, a ketone, an imine, an oxime, an aldehyde, a nitrile, an arene, a carboxylic acid, an ester, an acid anhydride, or a nitro group.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chemical reaction is the hydrogenation of an alkene.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chemical reaction is an allylic alkylation reaction.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transition metal is Rh, Ru, Pd, Pt, Ir, Ni, Co, or Fe.

6. A method of catalyzing a chemical reaction, comprising: catalyzing the chemical reaction selected from the group consisting of a hydrogenation reaction, an allylic alkylation reaction, a hydroformylation reaction, a hydrocyanation reaction, a hydrocarboxylation reaction, and a hydroesterification reaction with a transition metal complex, wherein the transition metal complex comprises a diazaphosphacycle of formula III and a transition metal, and further wherein the phosphorus atom of the diazaphosphacycle is bonded to the transition metal and the diazaphosphacycle of formula III has the following structure

wherein

R 1 is selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted aryl groups, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted alkenyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl groups, and unsubstituted ferrocenyl groups;

R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted aryl groups, unsubstituted alkyl groups, unsubstituted cycloalkyl groups, unsubstituted heterocyclyl groups, and unsubstituted ferrocenyl groups;

R 4 is selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted aryl groups, trialkylsilyl groups, triarylsilyl groups, alkyldiarylsilyl groups, dialkylarylsilyl groups, —C(═O)—R 6 groups, —S(═O) 2 —R 6 groups, —P(═O)R 6 R 7 groups, and —C(═NR 6 )—R 7 groups;

R 5 is selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted aryl groups, trialkylsilyl groups, triarylsilyl groups, alkyldiarylsilyl groups, dialkylarylsilyl groups, —C(═O)—R 7 groups, —S(═O) 2 —R 6 groups, —P(═O)R 6 R 7 groups, and —C(═NR 6 )—R 7 groups;

R 6 is selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted alkenyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted aryl groups, —OH groups, substituted and unsubstituted alkoxy groups, substituted and unsubstituted aryloxy groups, —NH(alkyl) groups, —NH(aryl) groups, —N(aryl) 2 groups, —N(alkyl) 2 groups, —N(alkyl)(aryl) groups, —S-alkyl groups, and S-aryl groups;

R 7 is selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted alkenyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl groups, substituted and unsubstituted aryl groups, —OH groups, substituted and unsubstituted alkoxy groups, substituted and unsubstituted aryloxy groups, —NH(alkyl) groups, —NH(aryl) groups, —N(aryl) 2 groups, —N(alkyl) 2 groups, —N(alkyl)(aryl) groups, —S-alkyl groups, and S-aryl groups;

R 6 and R 7 may be part of the same alkyl group, alkenyl group, or aryl group such that R 4 and R 5 together with the two nitrogen atoms of the diazaphosphacycle form a ring; and

Y has the formula —(CH 2 ) n — wherein n is 0;

and further wherein

substituted alkyl groups and substituted alkenyl groups are unsubstituted alkyl groups and unsubstituted alkenyl groups, in which one or more bonds to a carbon or hydrogen is replaced by a bond to a substituent selected from a F, Cl, Br, or I atom in a halide; a 0 atom in a hydroxyl group, alkoxy group, aryloxy group, ester group, carbonyl group, or carboxyl group; a S atom in a thiol group, alkyl sulfide group, aryl sulfide group, sulfone group, sulfonyl group, or sulfoxide group; a N atom in an amine group, amide group, alkylamine group, dialkylamine group, arylamine group, alkylarylamine group, diarylamine group, N-oxide group, imide group, enamine group, imine group, oxime group, hydrazone group, or nitrile group; a Si atom in a trialkylsilyl group, dialkylarylsilyl group, alkyldiarylsilyl group, or triarylsilyl group; or a P atom in a phosphine group or phosphoryl group;

substituted cycloalkyl groups are unsubstituted cycloalkyl groups, in which one or more bonds to a carbon or hydrogen is replaced by a bond to a substituent selected from the group consisting of any of the substituents defined above, an unsubstituted alkyl group as defined above, or a substituted alkyl group as defined above; and

substituted aryl groups are unsubstituted aryl groups as defined above, in which one or more bonds to a carbon or hydrogen is replaced by a bond to a substituent selected from the group consisting of any of the substituents defined above, an unsubstituted alkyl group as defined above, or a substituted alkyl group as defined above.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the chemical reaction is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogenation reaction, a hydroformylation reaction, and an allylic alkylation reaction.

8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the chemical reaction is the hydrogenation of an alkene, an alkyne, a ketone, an imine, an oxime, an aldehyde, a nitrile, an arene, a carboxylic acid, an ester, an acid anhydride, or a nitro group.

9. The method of claim 6 , wherein the chemical reaction is the hydrogenation of an alkene.

10. The method of claim 6 , wherein the chemical reaction is the hydroformylation of an alkene.

11. The method of claim 6 , wherein the chemical reaction is an allylic alkylation reaction.

12. The method of claim 6 , wherein the transition metal is Rh, Ru, Pd, Pt, Ir, Ni, Co, or Fe.