Porous composite particulate materials, methods of making and using same, and related apparatuses
In an embodiment, a porous composite particulate material includes a plurality of composite particles. Each composite particle includes an acid-base-resistant core particle at least partially surrounded by one or more layers of acid-base-resistant shell particles. The shell particles are adhered to the core particle by a polymeric layer. The shell particles and/or core particles may be made from an acid-base-resistant material that is stable in harsh chemical conditions. For example, the shell particles and/or core particles may be made from diamond, graphitic carbon, silicon carbide, boron nitride, tungsten carbide, niobium carbide, zirconia, noble metals, acid-base stable highly cross-linked polymers, acid-base stable at least partially cross-linked polymers, titania, alumina, thoria combinations of the foregoing, or other acid-base-resistant materials. The porous composite particulate materials disclosed herein and related methods and devices may be used in separation technologies, including, but not limited to, chromatography and solid phase extraction.
1. A method for manufacturing a porous composite particulate material, comprising:
providing a plurality of acid-base-resistant core particles and a plurality of acid-base-resistant shell particles, wherein the plurality of acid-base-resistant shell particles include diamond particles;
coating at least a portion of the plurality of acid-base-resistant core particles, at least a portion of the plurality of acid-base-resistant shell particles, or combinations thereof with a polymer material including at least one amine polymer;
adhering a respective portion of the plurality of acid-base-resistant shell particles at least partially about each of the plurality of acid-base-resistant core particles to form a plurality of porous shell layers, each of the plurality of porous shell layers being bonded to an adjacent one of the plurality of porous shell layers by a respective layer of the polymer material to form a plurality of composite particles; and
at least partially cross-linking the polymeric material to exhibit about 1% to about 99% cross-linking.
2. The method as in claim 1 , wherein the polymeric material comprises a substantially neutral polymer.
3. The method as in claim 1 , wherein the cross-linking produces a covalent carbon-nitrogen bond.
4. The method as in claim 1 , wherein the cross-linking is carried out using a cross-linking agent including two or more functional groups, wherein at least one of the functional groups is selected from the group consisting of an isocyanate, an epoxide, an alkyl halide, or an acid halide.
5. The method as in claim 1 , wherein cross-linking the polymeric material exhibits less than 85% cross-linking.
6. The method as in claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the plurality of acid-base-resistant core particles and/or at least a portion of the plurality of acid-base-resistant shell particles comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of diamond, graphitic carbon, silicon carbide, boron nitride, tungsten carbide, niobium carbide, zirconia, noble metals, acid-base-stable highly cross-linked polymers, titania, alumina, thoria and combinations thereof.
7. The method as in claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the acid-base-resistant core particles comprises an inner region that is acid-base unstable and a cladding that is acid-base resistant.
8. The method as in claim 6 , wherein the cladding layer comprises diamond, graphitic carbon, silicon carbide, boron nitride, tungsten carbide, niobium carbide, or combinations thereof.
9. The method as in claim 1 , wherein the plurality of composite particles exhibits a particle size of at least about 0.5 μm and a surface area of at least about 5.0 m 2 /g.
10. The method as in claim 1 , wherein the plurality of acid-base-resistant core particles exhibits a particle size of at least an order of magnitude larger than the plurality of acid-base-resistant shell particles.
11. The method as in claim 1 , wherein the polymer material is coated on the at least a portion of the plurality of acid-base-resistant shell particles before the act of adhering.
12. The method as in claim 1 , wherein the polymer material is coated on the at least a portion of the plurality of acid-base-resistant core particles before the act of adhering.
13. The method as in claim 1 , wherein the acts of coating and adhering comprise:
immersing the plurality of acid-base-resistant core particles in a polymer solution to form polymer-functionalized core particles;
immersing the polymer-functionalized core particles in a suspension of a first portion of the plurality of shell particles to yield a plurality of intermediate composite particles;
immersing the intermediate composite particles in a polymer solution to yield polymer-functionalized intermediate composite particles;
immersing the polymer-functionalized intermediate composite particles in a second portion of the plurality of acid-base-resistant shell particles to yield composite particles having a plurality of layers of shell particles; and
cross-linking the polymeric material.
14. The method as in claim 13 , further comprising bonding the plurality of composite particles together.
15. The method as in claim 13 , wherein the plurality of acid-base-resistant shell particles comprise nanodiamond particles with a particle size of less than about 1 μm.
16. The method as in claim 13 , wherein the acts of coating and adhering comprise:
forming a bed of the plurality of acid-base-resistant core particles in a vessel;
flowing a liquid polymeric material through the bed to coat the plurality of acid-base-resistant core particles thereof with the polymer material; and
flowing the plurality of acid-base-resistant shell particles through the bed to adhere the portion of the plurality of acid-base-resistant shell particles to the each of the plurality of acid-base-resistant core particles.